Materials for Artificial Hip Joints

Table of Contents Hip Anatomy Artificial Joint Hip Replacement Materials Selection Current Trends Conclusion Bibliography Footnotes Hip Anatomy The hip anatomy refers to the structures which make up the hip. â€Å"The hip contains various parts. These include bones and joints, which are our major concern, ligaments, tendons, muscles, nerves, the bursae, and blood vessels, which shall be discussed in this section.†1Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Materials for Artificial Hip Joints’ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The hip is an example of a ball and socket joint. The most notable structures in a hip are the bones and joints. The bones are made up of the femur and the pelvis. â€Å"The head of the femur interlocks the acetabulum that is located besides the pelvis†.2 However, wear and tear might occur around the joints, causing chronic pains. This wear and tear might be as a result of acc idents, and or due to excessive walking, leading to a condition known as osteoarthritis.3 This involves replacing the damaged cartilage and bone of the hip joint with artificial ones. This kind of a process is carried out in two different ways: the cemented prosthesis and the uncemented prosthesis. The uncemented prosthesis is whereby the implants are made with special coatings which allow the bone to grow on to the implant. This is crucial since it aids in the integration of the implant into the body.4 This is actually achieved through designing implants which are porous. On the contrary, cemented prosthesis involves the use cement to attach the implant to the bone. The merits of carrying out an artificial joint hip replacement are: helping in movement of the person, doing away with the chronic pain at the joints and also to reduce the tear and wear at the joint. However, a good thing has never lacked shortcomings. The hip is bound to undergo some dislocations, which are caused by the fact that implants are always smaller than the original joint, something which makes the ball to come out of the socket (BoneSmart). It might also lead to blood clots, a condition known as thrombophlebitis and also the patient might fall victim of some infections.5Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Artificial Joint Hip Replacement In the past, traditional materials were being used to replace worn out hip joints. However, these prosthetics were subjected to a lot of wear and tear and were therefore not effective. This necessitated the development of modern materials, which would be more wear resistant and last longer. The implant materials to be used ought to have certain mechanical properties in order to be effective. They are supposed to be wear and tear resistant, hard, strong, with good corrosion resistance and considerable levels of stiffness. Very high stiffness in mater ials can result in weight shielding, which cause eventual fracture of the implants. Other factors such as biocompatibility and degradation of the biomaterials also play a key role in influencing their performance. In view of these properties, metals, ceramics, and polymers are the most used materials in the making of implants for artificial hip joints. The table shows below some of the mechanical properties of the most frequent used materials in this modern world. Metals have good fracture resistance and are stong enough to be used in making of hip joints. However, they have very high stiffness, which, as indicated earlier on, leads to weight shielding. â€Å"Steel is an alloy of iron, nickel,chromium and molybdenum†.6 An implant made from it lasts much longer since it is highly resistant to corrosion. This means that it does not degrade in the body easily. Steel has relatively high stiffness levels and it can be shaped easily, meaning reduced cost of production. On the other hand, nickel, which is contained in steel, might be of a problem to some people who are allergic to it.The other metal which is used to make implants in place of steel is the Freeman cobalt-chromium. This is an alloy composed of cobalt, molybdenum and chromium(27-30% Cr, 5-7% Mo, rest Co). â€Å"The freeman cobalt-chromium is used by patients who are allergic to nickel since it does not contain the latter†.7 Materials Selection Titanium implant is yet another metal which is used in making artificial hip joints. â€Å"A titanium implant has a stiffness of less than half that of stainless steel or cobalt chrome, which therefore reduces the effects of weight shielding. Its constituents give it excellent corrosion resistance, but it does suffer from relatively low fracture toughness and poor wear properties†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 2.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Materials for Artificial Hip Joints’ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Titanium is special since it permits the use of finely polished wear resistant metal heads, which boosts its wear resistance. Polymethylmethacylate (PMMA) is one of the polymers which are most frequently used as grouting material. Its main limitation is that when used, there is always some release of heat to the neighboring bone, causing cell death. Cement might also cower, leading to toxic monomers being emancipated into the bloodstream. Zirconia (zirconium oxide) ceramic has found continued use in making of Zirconium Ceramic Femoral Head. â€Å"It is highly valued due to its mean surface roughness, being very hard and highly resistant to scratching and wear†.8 â€Å"Hydroxyapatite is made up of calcium phosphate, which makes it biocompatible. For this reason, it is, in absence of bone cement, used to coat implants†.9 Current Trends In the current times, the most favored type of implants hybrid ones. This is whereby different type of materials is combined in order to achieve the desired mechanical properties. This goes a long way in assuring the longevity of the implant. Some of these hybrid implants are discussed below. Metal ball (made up of cobalt chrome molybdenum) and Polyethylene liners have gained popularity over the years among the surgeons due to its good performance and durability. Polyethylene is capable of achieving stability in the body while the surgical operation is still underway and it’s also less expensive. The wear rate which is 0.1millimeters each year is a bit low and therefore it’s a better implant.10 Ceramic ball and polyethylene liner is another implant which is widely used. The wear rate is about 0.05 millimeters per year. The other hybrid implant is the metal ball and metal liner. They have very much reduced wear rate and the amount of bone lose is minimal. Of all the implants, these offer the largest ball heads, which means greater stability and therefore the risk of dislocation is highly reduced. Some of the feared aspects are that the metal’s soluble ions might dissolve into the body, being accompanied by some harmful effects. Ceramic ball and ceramic liner implants are the hardest and lowest in terms of wear rate (about 0.0001millimeters per year) but are more expensive than the other implants.11Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion In conclusion, various materials can be used in making artificial hip joints and this majorly rely on the biocompatibility of the material, its mechanical properties, and its level of degradation while in the body. Bibliography Cluett, J, Hip Replacment Implant Options, 2008, retrieved http://orthopedics.about.com/od/hipkneereplacement/a/implants.htm. Drijber, FLIP JB Finlay, Proc Instn Mech. Engrs—Part H: J Eng Med, vol. 204, no.H4, 1990, pp. 253- 258. Malik, H, Advanced Hip Replacement, 2010, retrieved http://www.hammadmalik.co.uk/1/HipReplacement.aspx. Orthogate, Hip Patient Education, Artificial Hip Dislocation Precautions, 2000-2007, retrieved http://www.orthogate.org/patient-education/hip/. Queen Mary, Department of Materials: Materials Selection for Total Hip Replacement, 2010, retrieved http://www.materials.qmul.ac.uk/casestud/implants/. ScienceDaily, ‘Cementless Hip Implants Are Durable For At Least 20 Years,’ Number of stories in archive s, vol. 93, May 3, 2009, p. 728, retrieved http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/05/090501154133.htm. Turner, I, Why Study Materials?, UK Centre for Materials Education, 2008-2010, retrieved http://www.whystudymaterials.ac.uk/casestudies/hip-replacement.asp. William, DC, Materials Science and Engineering: an introduction Wiley, 3rd edn, John Wiley sons, New York, 2008. Footnotes 1 Orthogate, Hip Patient Education, Artificial Hip Dislocation Precautions, 2000-2007, retrieved http://www.orthogate.org/patient-education/hip/,p.1. 2 Ibid, p.1. 3 H Malik, Advanced Hip Replacement, 2010, retrieved http://www.hammadmalik.co.uk/1/HipReplacement.aspx, p.1. 4 Ibid, p.1. 5 FLIP Drijber JB Finlay, Proc Instn Mech. Engrs—Part H: J Eng Med, vol. 204, no.H4, 1990, pp. 253- 258. 6 DC William, Materials Science and Engineering: an introduction Wiley, 3rd edn, John Wiley sons, New York, 2008, p.728. 7 Ibid, p.278. 8 I Turner, Why Study Materials?, UK Centre for Materials Education, 2 008-2010, retrieved http://www.whystudymaterials.ac.uk/casestudies/hip-replacement.asp,p.1. 9 ScienceDaily, ‘Cementless Hip Implants Are Durable For At Least 20 Years,’ Number of stories in archives, vol. 93, May 3, 2009, p. 728, retrieved http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/05/090501154133.htm,p.728. 10 Queen Mary, Department of Materials: Materials Selection for Total Hip Replacement, 2010, retrieved http://www.materials.qmul.ac.uk/casestud/implants/,p.1. 11 J Cluett, Hip Replacment Implant Options, 2008, retrieved http://orthopedics.about.com/od/hipkneereplacement/a/implants.htm, p.1. This essay on Materials for Artificial Hip Joints’ was written and submitted by user Jordan Rivers to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Conjugating German Verbs (A-Z)

Conjugating German Verbs (A-Z) This alphabetical index lists over 500 common German verbs, some with a complete conjugation in all tenses. SYMBOL KEY:  D  Ã‚  Dative verb,  M  Ã‚  Modal verb, .s sich  Reflexive verb,  S  Ã‚  Strong verb  (irregular verb),  C  Ã‚  Stem-changing verb  (in pres. tense),  an|fangen  Ã‚  Verb with separable prefix German Verbs A-K A-D E-G H-K Aachten to pay attention to, respectan|erkennen S to recognize, acknowledgean|fangen C/S to begin See Verb prefixes (an-, aus- )angeln to fish, anglean|kommen S to arrivendern to change, alteran|greifen S to attackan|haben S to have on, wearan|nehmen S to accept; assumean|rufen S to call up (tel)antworten D to answers. an|ziehen S to get dressedarbeiten to workrgern to annoy, irritateatmen to breatheauf|fallen S to stand out, attract attentionaus|kommen S to come out, have enough of, make do, get along withaus|machen - 10 meanings!aus|stellen to exhibits. aus|ziehen to undressBbacken S to bakebaden to bathe, swimbauen to buildbeben to quake, tremblebedeuten to means. bedienen to serve oneselfbefehlen S to commands. befinden S to be, find oneselfbefreien to set freebegegnen D to meetbeginnen S to beginbegleiten to accompanybehalten S to keepbeissen S to bitebekommen S to get, receivebeleben to enliven, cheerbeleidigen to insultbellen to barkbelohnen to rewardbergen S to recover, salva geberichten to reportbersten S to burstbesitzen S to ownbestellen to orderbesuchen to visitbeten to praybetrgen S to deceive, cheatbewegen to movebezahlen to paybiegen S to bendbieten to offer, bidbinden S to tiebitten S to request, ask forblasen C/S to blowbleiben S to stayblicken to look, glanceblitzen to flashblhen to bloombluten to bleedbraten C/S to fry, roastbrauchen to needbrauen to brewbrausen to shower; roarbrechen C/S to breakbrennen S to burnbringen S to bringbrllen to roar, shoutbrsten to brushDdarf See drfendmmen to dam, check, curbdmmern to dawn, fall (dusk); dozedampfen to steamdmpfen to muffle, dampdanken D to thankdar|stellen to show, portraydmmen to dam, check, curbdauern to last, enduredecken to cover, set (table)dehnen to stretchdemonstrieren to demonstratedenken S to thinkdeuten to point, indicatedichten to caulk; write poetrydienen to servedringen S to urge, piercedrucken to printdrcken to push, press; oppressducken to stoop, duck; humbledrfen to be permitted, allowdrsten to thirst, be thirsty Eehren to honorein|atmen to breathe inein|bauen to install, put ins. ein|bilden to imagine, get the ideaempfangen C/S to receiveempfehlen C/S to recommendempfinden to feel, senseentbehren to do without; lack, miss See Verb prefixes (emp-, ent- )entdecken to discoverentfernen to removeentfhren to abduct, kidnapentgegenen to reply, retortenthalten C/S to containentkommen to escape, get awayentschuldigen to excuse, apologizeerfinden to inventerhalten C/S to obtain, receive, preserves. erinnern to remembers. erklten to catch a colderklren to explain, declareerlschen to be extinguished, dimerrichten to erect, establisherschpfen to exhaust, drainerschrecken S to be frightenedersticken to choke, smothererwgen to consider, pondererwhnen to mentionerzhlen to tell, recount, relate S to eat Ffahren S to travel, drivefallen S to fallfllen to cut downfalten to foldfangen S to catch, capturefassen to grasp, seize, conceivefechten to fence, fightfeststellen to ascertain, establishfinden S to findfl icken to patch, repairfliegen S to flyfliehen S to flee, avoidflieen S to flow, runfluchen to curse, swearfluten to flood, overflowfolgen D to followfragen to askfressen C/S to eat, feed, devours. freuen to be glad, rejoicefrieren S to freeze, feel coldfrhstcken to eat breakfastfhlen to feel, perceivefhren to leadfllen to fillfrchten to fearGghnen to yawngren to fermentgebren to give birth togeben C/S to givegebrauchen to usegedeihen S to thrive, prospergefallen C/S to be pleasing, likegehen S to gogelingen S to succeedgelten S to be validgenesen to recover, convalesces. genieren to feel embarrassed/awkwardgenieen S to enjoygeraten to get into, fall intogeschehen C/S to happengewinnen S to win, gains. gewhnen to get used to, accustomed togieen S to pour, castglnzen to glitter, shineglauben to believegleichen S to be like, resemblegleiten to glideglotzen to gape, stareglhen to glowgraben S to diggreifen S to grasp, grab, seizegrollen to be angry, grumblegren to greetgucken to look, p eep Hhaben S to havehalten C/S to hold, stop, keephmmern to hammer, poundhandeln to act, trade, dealhngen to hanghassen to hatehauen to hit, hewheben S to lift, raiseheiraten to marryheien S to be namedheilen to healheizen to heathelfen C/S to helpheraus|bekommen S to get out; find out, figure outheraus|fordern to challengehetzen to rush about, inciteheulen to howl, bawlhindern to hamper, impedehoffen to hopehren to hearhpfen to hop, jumphusten to coughIidentifizieren to identifyimmatrikulieren to register (univ)impfen to vaccinate, inoculateimponieren to impress, make an impressionimportieren to importinformieren to informs. interessieren to be interested (in)irren to wander, stray; be mistakenirritieren to confuse; irritateisolieren to insulate; isolateJjagen to hunt; chase, drivejammern to wail, moan, yammerjauchzen to rejoice, cheerjaulen to howljobben to work, have a jobjodeln to yodeljoggen to jogjucken to itchjustieren to adjust, justify (typeKkmmen to combkmpfen to fight, struggl ekauen to chewkaufen to buykehren to turn; sweepkennen S to know, be familiar withkennenlernen to get to know, become acquainted withklagen to lament, complainkleben to paste, stickklingen S to ring, soundklopfen to knock, beatkneifen S to pinch, squeeze, crimpknpfen to tie, knot, fastenkochen to cook, boil, seethekommen S to comeknnen M to be able, cankosten to costkotzen to vomit, pukekrchzen to caw, croakkratzen to scratch, scrape, clawkriechen S to crawl, creepkriegen to get, obtainkhlen to cool, refreshkrzen to shorten, abbreviate Conjugating German Verbs (L-Z) L-R S-T U-Z Llcheln to smilelachen to laughladen C / S to loadlassen C / S to let, leave, allowlaufen C / S to run, walklauschen to eavesdrop, listenleben to livelecken to lick; leaklegen to lay, put, place See liegenlehren to teachleiden S to sufferleihen S to lend, borrow, hirelernen to learn, studylesen C / S to readleuchten to light up, shine, gleamlichten to thin out, lightenlieben to loveliegen S to lie, recline, be situatedloben to praiselocken to lure, attract, enticelohnen to reward, recompenses. lohnen to be worth (doing)lsen to solve, dissolve; loosenlgen to lie (not tell the truth)lutschen to suck (on)Mmachen to make, domahlen to mill, grindmalen to paint, drawmanagen to managemeiden S to avoid, shunmeinen to mean, be of the opinion, thinkmerken to notice, mark, perceivemessen C / S to measuremieten to rent, hiremgen M to like (to)mssen M to have to, mustNnagen to gnaw, nibblenhren to nourish; sucklenaschen to snack, nibble, noshnecken to teasenehmen C / S to takenennen S to name, ca llnicken to nod, dozentzen to use; be usefulOffnen to openoperieren to operate (med.)opfern to sacrificeordnen to organize, put in order Ppachten to lease, rentpacken to pack; grabpassen to fit, be suitablepassieren to happenpfeifen S to whistlepflanzen to plantplagen to plague, annoypreisen to praise, commendputzen to clean, groomQqulen to torture, tormentqualmen to give off smokequellen S to gush, spring fromquetschen to squeeze, crushquietschen to squeak, squealRrchen to avengeRad fahren to ride a bike (VP)raten to advise, guessrauchen to smokerumen to clear away, evacuaterauschen to rustle, murmurrechnen to calculate, reckonreien S to tear, ripreiten S to ride (horse)rennen S to runreichen to reach; passreisen to travel, journeyreinigen to clean, refinereizen to excite, charmrichten to set right, adjustriechen S to smellringen to struggle, wrestlerollen to rollrsten to roastrcken to move, bring nearerrufen S to callruhen to restrhren to stir, touchrsten to arm Ssagen to say, tellsaufen S to drink to excesssaugen to suck, absorb Staub saugen to vacuum (VP)schaden to damage, hurtschaffen S to createschaffen to do, make, accomplishschalten to switch, shift (gears)schtzen to value, estimateschauen to see, lookscheiden S to separate, divides. scheiden lassen S to divorcescheinen S to shine, seemscherzen to joke, kidschicken to sendschieben S to push, shoveschieen S to shootschlachten to slaughter, butcherschlafen C / S to sleepschlagen S to hit, beatschleichen S to sneak, creepschleifen S to grind, polishschlieen to close; concludeschmecken to tasteschmeien S to throw, tossschmelzen S to meltschmerzen to hurt, smartschmieren to grease; bribeschneiden S to cut, sliceschneien to snowschreiben S to writeschreien S to scream, yellschreiten S to step, strideschweben to soar, hover, floatschweigen S to be silentschwimmen S to swimschwitzen to sweatschwren to swearsegnen to blesssehen C / S to seesein S to besenden to send, broadcasts. setzen to sit d ownseufzen to sighsieden to boil, simmersiegen to conquer, triumphsingen S to singsinken S to sinksitzen S to sitsollen M should, ought to, supposed tospalten to split, dividesparen to savespazieren to stroll, walkspielen to playspinnen to spin; be nutssprechen S to speak, talkspringen S to jumpspritzen to spray, squirtsprhen to spray; sparklespucken to spitsplen to rinse, flushspren to feel, detectstatt|finden S to take place, happenStaub saugen to vacuum (VP)staunen to be amazedstechen C / S to stab, sting, prickstecken to set, be locatedstehen to standstehlen to stealsteigen to climb, risestinken to stinksthnen to groan, moanstopfen to stuff, cramstren to disturb, upsetstoen to push, bumpstrahlen to beam, radiatestreben to strivestrecken to stretch, extendstreichen to strike, cancel; paintstreiten to quarrel, arguestricken to knitstudieren to study (univ)strzen to plunge, fall, crashsuchen to look for, seekTtanken to get gas/petrol, refueltanzen to dancetaugen to be of use/valuet oben to storm, ravetten to killtragen C/S to wear, carrytrauen to trust, believe in; marrytrumen to dreamtreffen C / S to meet, hittreiben S to drive, propeltreten C / S to step, walktrinken S to drinktrocknen to drytropfen to drip, droptun S to do, make, put Uben to exercise, practiceberraschen to surpriseberwinden S to overcomeumstellen to change over, shiftunterbrechen S to interrupts. unterhalten S to converse, entertain oneselfVverachten to despiseverderben S to ruin, spoilverdienen to earn, deservevereinigen to uniteverfhren to seducevergessen S to forgetvergewaltigen to rapes. verhalten S to behave, actverhandeln to negotiateverkaufen to sellverkehren to trade, traffic; frequentverklagen to complain, sueverkommen S to decay, go bads. verlieben to fall in loveverlieren S to losevermehren to increasevernichten to annihilate, exterminateverraten S to betrayversagen to failverschlafen C / S to oversleepverstehen S to understandversuchen to attempt, tryvertreten to represent, stand in forverwalten to administer, manageverwechseln to confuse, mix upverweigern to refuseverweilen to linger, while awayverzeihen S to pardon, forgivevor|kommen S to occur, happenvor|stellen to introduce, presents. vor|stellen to imagineWwachen to be awake; kee p watchwachsen C / S to growwagen to darewhlen to choose, votewhren to last, hold outwlzen to rollwandern to hike, wanderwaschen C / S to washwechseln to change, exchangewecken to wake, rousewehren to restrain; prevents. wehren to defend oneselfweichen to yieldweihen to consecrate, devoteweinen to cry, weepwenden to turnwerben to recruit, court, woo, advertisewerden S to becomewerfen C / S to throwwetzen to sharpen, grindwidmen to dedicate, devotewiederholen to repeatwiegen S to weighwissen S to knowwohnen to reside, livewollen M to want (to)wnschen to wish, desirewrzen to season, spiceZzahlen to payzhlen to countzhmen to tamezapfen to tap (beer)zaubern to do magic, enchantzeichnen to draw, signzeigen to show, indicatezelten to campzerschlagen C/S to shatter, smashzerstren to destroyziehen S to pull, drawzielen to aim, targetzitieren to cite, quotezittern to shake, tremblezgern to hesitatezchten to breed, culivateznden to ignitezurck|nehmen C/S to take backzwingen S to force, compel

The needs of the various populations served in the criminal justice Essay

The needs of the various populations served in the criminal justice profession - Essay Example The prosecutors notify the victims about trial proceedings. On top of this, the prosecutors represent the interests of the crime victims during court appearances. Similarly, the criminal justice profession provides services to the suspects under trials. During the prosecution phase, the criminal justice profession ensures that suspects enjoy the rights of legal representation and speedy trials (Neubauer & Fradella, 2013). In addition, the profession ensures that the alleged offenders receives information pertinent to the proceedings, and exercise the right to be heard. The judges oversee the trials to completion. The criminal justice profession caters for the needs of the inmates. The correction officers provide legal services to the inmates. Notably, the officers ensure a maximum security in the facility, supervises the inmates, and offer educational and counseling services (Cole, Smith, & DeJong, 2014). On top of this, the criminal justice profession has the mandate of providing quality medical care to the inmates. Moreover, the correction officers process the names of inmates intended for release from the institutions either on parole or after serving maximum term. The parole officers supervise the parolees. In this regard, the officers set conditions that control parolees while in the community. The staff has the responsibility to notify the parolees of their status, as well as upcoming release (Neubauer & Fradella, 2013). Moreover, the parole officers have a duty to inform the parolees about hearing dates and allow them to testify during the actual hearing. A section of the public does not know the mandate of the criminal justice profession. The profession is confusing, intimidating, and overwhelming to many people who work outside the criminal justice system. A huge percentage of the public holds that the sole mandate of the criminal justice profession is to deter any act of criminality

Strategies for assessing skills and competencies Essay

Strategies for assessing skills and competencies - Essay Example The main difference between the retail sales and B2B sales is in terms of the volume. B2B deals in large volumes of sales order and therefore, becomes important ingredient of sales strategy. Hence, while the basic competency and skills of the present sales staff is adequate, the new group from within the sales team would need to undergo 4 months training and development program. They would also be required to explore B2B market for 1 month to evaluate their requirements and how the company can meet them. The in-house training by the external consultants and senior management staff would on the following modules would greatly enhance existing skills and provide them with wide scope of expanding their knowledge area: B2B market is focused on bulk orders therefore sales executives must be skilled in knowing what the investment parameters are going to be so that the objections arising due to money, time and resources are already made clear before making their sales presentations. The training module would prepare the sales team to evaluate these parameters for its different business partners. The encouraging and incentive driven work environment promotes retention of employees and gives the organization better leverage to compete with their rivals. The experienced and motivated workforce is conducive to higher degree of creative inputs and innovative approach. Commitment to work and loyalty towards employers is considerably increased when the employees are given opportunity to improve and improvise their professional skills and competencies through in-house training and development. Zapata-Cantu et al. have also asserted that professional growth and self improvement, through human resource development practices, greatly enhance organization’s advantage (Zapata-Cantu et al., 2007). In the highly competitive environment of recessive economy, upgrading the skills of the existing sales executives would be the best option. Indeed, HR’s

Binge Drinking in College Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Binge Drinking in College - Research Paper Example Dasgupta (80) reports that binge drinking is very common among the youth in modern societies. Studies have shown that large numbers of students in colleges and universities consume alcohol heavily. For example, Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol conducted a research in which they studied the rate of drinking among students in colleges and universities within a period of four years in 1993, 1997 and 1999 in America. The researchers selected full-time students randomly and issued them with questionnaires to fill. During each of the three periods of study, 15,000 students responded to the questionnaire. After the results were compiled, they found that out of five students in a college, two of them were binge drinkers. Also, they established that one student out of five in a college is a frequent binge drinker who engages in binge drinking three or more times within a period of fourteen days. According to the study, the rate of alcohol consumption kept on increasing year aft er year. Binge drinking among students in college and universities is a matter of national concern because its effects are detrimental to the development of a country. The government should try to minimize the problem because it not only affects an individual, but also the welfare of the society as a whole. Although, all age groups consume alcohol, studies have shown that youths aged between 18 and 24 years show the highest rate and are, therefore, at a high risk of facing problems associated with heavy drinking.

Digitalization Evolution Of Digital Music Media Essay

Digitalization Evolution Of Digital Music Media Essay Digitization is defined as the representation of sound, image, object document or signal (usually an analog signal) by a discrete set of its points or samples. The result of this process is a digital format of whatever is being digitized. More specifically digitization is detaining an analog signal in a digital form. Evolution of Digital music Digital music production became famous few decades back. It was prompted because of less user friendly nature of analog music arrangement. Analog recordings had many pros like while recording analog saturation was introduced also during mastering and mixing processes and also helped to smooth the results of audio tracks but still the cons of analog recording was that it was very time consuming and there was fear of tapes being scratched or damaged as they were in physical form (Battino Richards, 2005). Digital music making was started in 1960s but the starting was not that great because the recordings sounded poor compared with analog and that was because the sampling rate they used was of low quality. It was not until 1978 when the optical readings were introduced which enhanced the quality of digital music and so the demand of digital music grew. In 1983 digital music was formally launched with compact discs and CD player which yielded fruitful returns and became very famous in the short time (Cohen Rosenzweig, 2008). The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the launch of recordable CDs which significantly dropped the price of CD players and CDs themselves and also created a new market for themselves and attracted many investors towards its creation. The demand for recordable CDs was high due to the fact that people could now not only buy music but also record it themselves and thus could have a bunch of their favorite songs in one CD. DVD technology was also the next invention and he nce digital music gained its strength and left analog music far behind. Then came the portable digital players in the late 1990s, with Sony launching digital player and Apple launching their iPods and then kept on giving new versions of their products. Hard disks becoming cheaper and introduction of flash drives has made the life easier for music lovers and hence with more space and portable drives digital music has gained its recognition worldwide (Earnshaw Vince, 2008). External portable hard drives have increased the amount of downloading from internet to increase by million times and hence now people can get their favorite song in their requested quality any time from internet. Implications Impact of Digitalization of Music Digital technology is embossed in music industry these days and is an essential part of it. Technology has done wonders in to every industry it has stepped in and has changed the whole structure of it and similar is the case with the music industry. The music which was hardly available in far flung rural areas is now available to them in just one click. It has changed the performances of singers; target market has changed from a few listeners to every music lover in the world (Colson Throp, 2010). It has made production more affordable and reliable and even more profitable. Advertising and promotion for music has become cheaper and approachable to masses through digital media and hence communicating your music to people has become easier. This revolution of digital technology advancement has, is and will keep on impacting the music industry. Some implications of digitization of music are: Recording Before the advent Digital Audio Workstation, all the stuff which can be done through computer i-e; mixing, mastering and sound adjustment required separate set of hardware devices to handle all this stuff and hence made the life of a musician hectic and troublesome. The hardware required now days is just a microphone and mixing board attached with a computer and the remaining activities like mixing, mastering sound adjustments etc can be handled through computer and the music can be fine tuned more easily then before. Computers allow the musician to recreate the studio environment with a minimum of additional hardware because mostly and this allows them to produce a high quality output, thus making the musicians studio more portable and easy to handle. Performance Musicians have been given a new way to perform on the stage, in the crowd in fact anywhere they want as they can carry their portable studio with them. Medleys can be made within no time with the help of software and Laptop computers and other portable forms of technology can bring a list of endless possibilities of performances that can be executed on a stage (Burkart McCourt, 2006). Real time effects can be added in performances by attaching guitars, keyboards and drums to computers and hence it makes live performances more attractive as musicians can perform on audience request at real time. DJs doesnt carry huge bucket of tapes to nightclubs because single simulation platform makes its possible for them to control the digital music in an exact same manner as they do with recorded music. Concerts can be filled with lighting and effects and also with real time changes in tones etc of the songs to make it more energetic and entertaining for youth. Selling and Distribution Evolution of internet has changed the whole scenario all-together in the music industry as it has opened a new medium to launch the music and access customers from all over the world. A song which took months to come to the market and then to final customers can now be uploaded on internet and can be sold immediately after it has been completed and is available to everyone in the world. Advertising or promotion has unlimited possibilities due to these social networks such as Facebook, Orkut, twitter etc. A musician can launch his promotion campaign on any of these networks and get recognized throughout the world and without paying expensive costs for that. Internet branding of music and selling has caused the musicians to save money and time as it was very hard work to make a physical copy of music and sell it to people in markets. MIDI Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) is a most common way to create never-ending collection of music through digital signals. MIDI controllers are usually build inside the keyboards but they can also be seen as simulated woodwinds, MIDI processing centers and velocity-sensitive drum pads (Battino Richards, 2005). MIDI keyboardist can create any sort of music of his liking using any instrument conceivable. Collaboration Musicians from all over the world can come on one platform with the help of internet and can discuss their new concepts with each other. This is the reason why we are seeing so many new songs which features multiple singing sensations; an example is the song I love the way you lie which features to singers who Akon and Rihanna and there are many other examples available. Rapid share file sharing has made it easy to transfer files to each other so musicians take benefit of facilities like these and collaborate to create a new sensational music which will rock the world. There are online music creation websites available too on which musicians from all over the world can come and collaborate without being physically present at one place and create music (Patrick McCourt, 2006). Contentious Issues and the Affect of Digitizing Music There are always both sides of technological change. Music industry has faced some real issues after the digitalization of music has taken place and these are: Pirate Websites Pirated websites allows the user to download songs for free and hence people dont really have to pay for the music they get to hear. This has created huge losses for musicians etc. Intermediaries Another problem which is faced by musicians is that the intermediaries which help users to locate free MP3 songs websites and etc. File sharing websites Websites like RapidShare, 4shared etc allow users to upload file and hence they can upload songs of their liking and people can download them without having to pay for them. The patents, illegal duplication of original songs and pirated websites are the biggest problems which are unresolved till date and hence they should be dealt with some reforms worldwide which will stop piracy of original music. Despite all these problems being faced by music creators, digitization of music has affected almost every music lover from musicians to listeners; it has opened new market for music and has led the music industry to globalization (Earnshaw Vince, 2008).

Cosmology and Moral Philosophy :: Worls Philosophical Essays

Cosmology and Moral Philosophy ABSTRACT: The universe as a whole can be shown to consist of two worlds: the real world and the transcendental world. The real world is a multitude of passing things in a gravitational field: it is the world of nature, every unit of which is born (from the transcendental world), develops, degrades and dies (that is, it returns to the transcendental world). The transcendental world is the world of the integrated, nonpassing, unborn and undying, internally functioning Unity, which is the other side of the real world (so to speak) as roots to a tree and its branches in relation to the surface of the Earth. The fundamental science of the real world is theoretical physics. The transcendental world is also a 'physical' but energyless world. In this paper, I outline characteristics of the real world, and the basic characteristics of the transcendental world which are essential for constructing a theory about the functioning of the cosmological vacuum. 1. Basic characteristics of the structure of the real world The real world of our universe one can present as consisting of the totality of the interconnected (through the known fundamental interactions) units of the nature, for example, photons, atoms, molecules, cells, living organisms, men, stars, galaxies and ets. Their materiality is shown, for example, in the outwards activity (the power), in which the units of nature come forward as integrated formations in the relation of other units of nature; their spirituality, enlightened through the materiality, in the form (in order of the growth of the spirituality) of the inside activity (that is of the spontaneous transitions into their different states), in the form of the senseorganized unity ( regulated by any laws), of the soul, and of the spirit. Different units of nature have different degrees of the spirituality, which are shown in the spontaneity, statisticality, selforganization, freedom of the will and so on, therefore one can say about corresponding spiritual aspects of any units o f nature. The transcendental part of the universe exerts the influence on the inside activity of the units of nature through creation of the virtual states and virtual processes. The units of nature of a complicated structure have the central organizing element, functioning of which gives the selforganized integrity to on initial unit, and the loss of which means destruction of this material-spiritual unit of nature. The structureless (not disintegrated into elements) units of nature (for example, photons) can arise and disappear only through their birth and destruction as a whole, while the structural units can arise and disappear in parts.

Foundation and Empire 15. The Psychologist

There was reason to the fact that the element known as â€Å"pure science† was the freest form of life on the Foundation. In a Galaxy where the predominance – and even survival – of the Foundation still rested upon the superiority of its technology – even despite its large access of physical power in the last century and a half – a certain immunity adhered to The Scientist. He was needed, and he knew it. Likewise, there was reason to the fact that Ebling Mis – only those who did not know him added his titles to his name – was the freest form of life in the â€Å"pure science† of the Foundation. In a world where science was respected, he was The Scientist – with capital letters and no smile. He was needed, and he knew it. And so it happened, that when others bent their knee, he refused and added loudly that his ancestors in their time bowed no knee to any stinking mayor. And in his ancestors' time the mayor was elected anyhow, and kicked out at will, and that the only people that inherited anything by right of birth were the congenital idiots. So it also happened, that when Ebling Mis decided to allow Indbur to honor him with an audience, he did not wait for the usual rigid line of command to pass his request up and the favored reply down, but, having thrown the less disreputable of his two formal jackets over his shoulders and pounded an odd hat of impossible design on one side of his head, and lit a forbidden cigar into the bargain, he barged past two ineffectually bleating guards and into the mayor's palace. The first notice his excellence received of the intrusion was when from his garden he heard the gradually nearing uproar of expostulation and the answering bull-roar of inarticulate swearing. Slowly, Indbur lay down his trowel; slowly, he stood up; and slowly, he frowned. For Indbur allowed himself a daily vacation from work, and for two hours in the early afternoon, weather permitting, he was in his garden. There in his garden, the blooms grew in squares and triangles, interlaced in a severe order of red and yellow, with little dashes of violet at the apices, and greenery bordering the whole in rigid lines. There in his garden no one disturbed him – no one! Indbur peeled off his soil-stained gloves as he advanced toward the little garden door. Inevitably, he said, â€Å"What is the meaning of this?† It is the precise question and the precise wording thereof that has been put to the atmosphere on such occasions by an incredible variety of men since humanity was invented. It is not recorded that it has ever been asked for any purpose other than dignified effect. But the answer was literal this time, for Mis's body came plunging through with a bellow, and a shake of a fist at the ones who were still holding tatters of his cloak. Indbur motioned them away with a solemn, displeased frown, and Mis bent to pick up his ruin of a hat, shake about a quarter of the gathered dirt off it, thrust it under his armpit and say: â€Å"Look here, Indbur, those unprintable minions of yours will be charged for one good cloak. Lots of good wear left in this cloak.† He puffed and wiped his forehead with just a trace of theatricality. The mayor stood stiff with displeasure, and said haughtily from the peak of his five-foot-two, â€Å"It has not been brought to my attention, Mis, that you have requested an audience. You have certainly not been assigned one.† Ebling Mis looked down at his mayor with what was apparently shocked disbelief, â€Å"Ga-LAX-y, Indbur, didn't you get my note yesterday? I handed it to a flunky in purple uniform day before. I would have handed it to you direct, but I know how you like formality.† â€Å"Formality!† Indbur turned up exasperated eyes. Then, strenuously, â€Å"Have you ever heard of proper organization? At all future times you are to submit your request for an audience, properly made out in triplicate, at the government office intended for the purpose. You are then to wait until the ordinary course of events brings you notification of the time of audience to be granted. You are then to appear, properly clothed – properly clothed, do you understand – and with proper respect, too. You may leave.† â€Å"What's wrong with my clothes?† demanded Mis, hotly. â€Å"Best cloak I had till those unprintable fiends got their claws on it. I'll leave just as soon as I deliver what I came to deliver. â€Å"Ga-LAX-y, if it didn't involve a Seldon Crisis, I would leave right now.† â€Å"Seldon crisis!† Indbur exhibited first interest. Mis was a great psychologist – a democrat, boor, and rebel certainly, but a psychologist, too. In his uncertainty, the mayor even failed to put into words the inner pang that stabbed suddenly when Mis plucked a casual bloom, held it to his nostrils expectantly, then flipped it away with a wrinkled nose. Indbur said coldly, â€Å"Would you follow me? This garden wasn't made for serious conversation.† He felt better in his built-up chair behind his large desk from which he could look down on the few hairs that quite ineffectually hid Mis's pink scalp-skin. He felt much better when Mis cast a series of automatic glances about him for a non-existent chair and then remained standing in uneasy shifting fashion. He felt best of all when in response to a careful pressure of the correct contact, a liveried underling scurried in, bowed his way to the desk, and laid thereon a bulky, metal-bound volume. â€Å"Now, in order,† said Indbur, once more master of the situation, â€Å"to make this unauthorized interview as short as possible, make your statement in the fewest possible words.† Ebling Mis said unhurriedly, â€Å"You know what I'm doing these days?† â€Å"I have your reports here,† replied the mayor, with satisfaction, â€Å"together with authorized summaries of them. As I understand it, your investigations into the mathematics of psychohistory have been intended to duplicate Hari Seldon's work and, eventually, trace the projected course of future history, for the use of the Foundation.† â€Å"Exactly,† said Mis, dryly. â€Å"When Seldon first established the Foundation, he was wise enough to include no psychologists among the scientists placed here – so that the Foundation has always worked blindly along the course of historical necessity. In the course of my researches, I have based a good deal upon hints found at the Time Vault.† â€Å"I am aware of that, Mis. It is a waste of time to repeat.† â€Å"I'm not repeating,† blared Mis, â€Å"because what I'm going to tell you isn't in any of those reports.† â€Å"How do you mean, not in the reports?† said Indbur, stupidly. â€Å"How could-â€Å" â€Å"Ga-LAX-y, Let me tell this my own way, you offensive little creature. Stop putting words into my mouth and questioning my every statement or I'll tramp out of here and let everything crumble around you. Remember, you unprintable fool, the Foundation will come through because it must, but if I walk out of here now – you won't.† Dashing his hat on the floor, so that clods of earth scattered, he sprang up the stairs of the dais on which the wide desk stood and shoving papers violently, sat down upon a comer of it. Indbur thought frantically of summoning the guard, or using the built-in blasters of his desk. But Mis's face was glaring down upon him and there was nothing to do but cringe the best face upon it. â€Å"Dr. Mis,† he began, with weak formality, â€Å"you must-â€Å" â€Å"Shut up,† said Mis, ferociously, â€Å"and listen. If this thing here,† and his palm came down heavily on the metal of the bound data, â€Å"is a mess of my reports – throw it out. Any report I write goes up through some twenty-odd officials, gets to you, and then sort of winds down through twenty more. That's fine if there's nothing you don't want kept secret. Well, I've got something confidential here. It's so confidential, even the boys working for me haven't got wind of it. They did the work, of course, but each just a little unconnected piece – and I put it together. You know what the Time Vault is?† Indbur nodded his head, but Mis went on with loud enjoyment of the situation, â€Å"Well, I'll tell you anyhow because I've been sort of imagining this unprintable situation for a â€Å"Ga-LAX-y, of a long time; I can read your mind, you puny fraud. You've got your hand right near a little knob that'll call in about five hundred or so armed men to finish me off, but you're afraid of what I know – you're afraid of a Seldon Crisis. Besides which, if you touch anything on your desk, I'll knock your unprintable head off before anyone gets here. You and your bandit father and pirate grandfather have been blood-sucking the Foundation long enough anyway.† â€Å"This is treason,† gabbled Indbur. â€Å"It certainly is,† gloated Mis, â€Å"but what are you going to do about it? Let me tell you about the Time Vault. That Time Vault is what Hari Seldon placed here at the beginning to help us over the rough spots. For every crisis, Seldon has prepared a personal simulacrum to help – and explain. Four crises so far – four appearances. The first time he appeared at the height of the first crisis. The second time, he appeared at the moment just after the successful evolution of the second crisis. Our ancestors were there to listen to him both times. At the third and fourth crises, he was ignored – probably because he was not needed, but recent investigations – not included in those reports you have – indicate that he appeared anyway, and at the proper times. Get it?† He did not wait for any answer. His cigar, a tattered, dead ruin was finally disposed of, a new cigar groped for, and lit. The smoke puffed out violently. He said, â€Å"Officially I've been trying to rebuild the science of psychohistory. Well, no one man is going to do that, and it won't get done in any one century, either. But I've made advances in the more simple elements and I've been able to use it as an excuse to meddle with the Time Vault. What I have done, involves the determination, to a pretty fair kind of certainty, of the exact date of the next appearance of Hari Seldon. I can give you the exact day, in other words, that the coming Seldon Crisis, the fifth, will reach its climax. â€Å" â€Å"How far off?† demanded Indbur, tensely. And Mis exploded his bomb with cheerful nonchalance, â€Å"Four months,† he said. â€Å"Four unprintable months, less two days.† â€Å"Four months,† said Indbur, with uncharacteristic vehemence. â€Å"Impossible.† â€Å"Impossible, my unprintable eye.† â€Å"Four months? Do you understand what that means? For a crisis to come to a head in four months would mean that it has been preparing for years.† â€Å"And why not? Is there a law of Nature that requires the process to mature in the full light of day?† â€Å"But nothing impends. Nothing hangs over us.† Indbur almost wrung his hands for anxiety. With a sudden spasmodic recrudescence of ferocity, he screamed, â€Å"Will you get off my desk and let me put it in order? How do you expect me to think?† Mis, startled, lifted heavily and moved aside. Indbur replaced objects in their appropriate niches with a feverish motion. He was speaking quickly, â€Å"You have no right to come here like this. If you had presented your theory-â€Å" â€Å"It is not a theory.† â€Å"I say it is a theory. If you had presented it together with your evidence and arguments, in appropriate fashion, it would have gone to the Bureau of Historical Sciences. There it could have been properly treated, the resulting analyses submitted to me, and then, of course, proper action would have been taken. As it is, you've vexed me to no purpose. Ah, here it is.† He had a sheet of transparent, silvery paper in his hand which he shook at the bulbous psychologist beside him. â€Å"This is a short summary I prepare myself – weekly – of foreign matters in progress. Listen – we have completed negotiations for a commercial treaty with Mores, continue negotiations for one with Lyonesse, sent a delegation to some celebration or other on Bonde, received some complaint or other from Kalgan and we've promised to look into it, protested some sharp trade practices in Asperta and they've promised to look into it – and so on and so on.† The mayor's eyes swarmed down the list of coded notations, and then he carefully placed the sheet in its proper place in the proper folder in the proper pigeonhole. I tell you, Mis, there's not a thing there that breathes anything but order and peace-â€Å" The door at the far, long end opened, and, in far too dramatically coincident a fashion to suggest anything but real life, a plainly-costumed notable stepped in. Indbur half-rose. He had the curiously swirling sensation of unreality that comes upon those days when too much happens. After Mis's intrusion and wild fumings there now came the equally improper, hence disturbing, intrusion unannounced, of his secretary, who at least knew the rules. The secretary kneeled low. Indbur said, sharply, â€Å"Well!† The secretary addressed the floor, â€Å"Excellence, Captain Han Pritcher of Information, returning from Kalgan, in disobedience to your orders, has according to prior instructions – your order X20-513 – been imprisoned, and awaits execution. Those accompanying him are being held for questioning. A full report has been filed.† Indbur, in agony, said, â€Å"A full report has been received. Well!† â€Å"Excellence, Captain Pritcher has reported, vaguely, dangerous designs on the part of the new warlord of Kalgan. He has been given, according to prior instructions – your order X20-651 – no formal hearing, but his remarks have been recorded and a full report filed.† Indbur screamed, â€Å"A full report has been received. Well!† â€Å"Excellence, reports have within the quarter-hour been received from the Salinnian frontier. Ships identified as Kalganian have been entering Foundation territory, unauthorized. The ships are armed. Fighting has occurred.† The secretary was bent nearly double. Indbur remained standing. Ebling Mis shook himself, clumped up to the secretary, and tapped him sharply on the shoulder. â€Å"Here, you'd better have them release this Captain Pritcher, and have him sent here. Get out.† The secretary left, and Mis turned to the mayor, â€Å"Hadn't you better get the machinery moving, Indbur? Four months, you know.† Indbur remained standing, glaze-eyed. Only one finger seemed alive – and it traced rapid jerky triangles on the smooth desk top before him.

Senior Citizen Population by State Per 2010 Census

Senior Citizen Population by State Per 2010 Census This article lists the United States senior citizen population (i.e. sixty-five years old and over) by state, as recorded in the 2010 Census. This data is relevant to national and state elections because historically, more senior citizens vote Republican than vote Democratic. In the 2008 presidential election, senior citizens nationwide heavily favored Republican John McCain over Democrat Barack Obama by a margin of 53% to 45%. Reported campaign strategists Democracy Corps about the 2008 election in comparison to 2004, According to the exit polls, while Obama made gains with nearly all groups compared to John Kerry, this did not happen with seniors. They, along with gay and lesbian voters, were the big underperformers for Obama. However, in the 2012 elections, voters sixty-five years old and over could be upset enough over Republican proposals to cut and/or change Social Security and Medicare benefits to opt to vote for Democratic candidates. States with high concentrations of senior citizens include 2012 battlegrounds Florida, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, and potential battleground states Missouri, Arizona, Montana and Iowa. State Resident Population65 Years Old and OverAccording to the 2010 Census Very High Level of Senior Citizen Population 1. Florida - 17.3% 2. West Virginia - 16.0% 3. Maine - 15.9% 4. Pennsylvania - 15.4% 5. Iowa - 14.9% 6. Montana - 14.8% 7. Vermont - 14.6% 8. North Dakota - 14.5% 9. Arkansas - 14.4% 9. Rhode Island - 14.4% 9. Delaware - 14.4% 12. South Dakota - 14.3% 12. Hawaii - 14.3% High Level of Senior Citizen Population 14. Connecticut - 14.2% 15. Ohio - 14.1 % 16. Missouri - 14.0% 17. Oregon - 13.9% 18. Michigan - 13.8% 18. Arizona - 13.8% 18. Massachusetts - 13.8% 18. Alabama - 13.8% 22. Wisconsin - 13.7% 22. South Carolina - 13.7% 24. Nebraska - 13.5% 24. New York - 13.5% 24. Oklahoma - 13.5% 24. New Jersey - 13.5% Median Level of Senior Citizen Population 28. New Hampshire - 13.5% 29. Tennessee - 13.4% 30. Kentucky - 13.3% 31. New Mexico - 13.2% 31. Kansas - 13.2% 33. Indiana - 13.0% 34. North Carolina - 12.9% 34. Minnesota - 12.9% 36. Mississippi - 12.8% 37. Illinois - 12.5% 38. Wyoming - 12.4% 38. Idaho - 12.4% 40. Louisiana - 12.3% 40. Maryland - 12.3% 40. Washington - 12.3% 43. Virginia - 12.2% 44. Nevada - 12.0% Low Level of Senior Citizen Population 45. California - 11.4% 46. Colorado - 10.9% 47. Georgia - 10.7% 48. Texas - 10.3% 49. Utah - 9.0% 50. Alaska - 7.7% Unemployment Rates by State Foreclosure Rates by State Top 20 Labor Union States Hispanic Population by State African-American Population by State U.S. Census Bureau , Table 16, State Resident Population by Age and State: 2010

Personal Opinion Of Human Psychology And Dr. Busca Essays - Emotions

Personal Opinion Of Human Psychology And Dr. Busca Essays - Emotions Personal Opinion Of Human Psychology And Dr. Buscaglia The questions posed to me are what I think of Human Psychology and the views of Dr. Buscaglia. My answers are no where near as easy as the questions. I don't know very much about Human Psychology, but from what I do know I think it is a great way to learn about people. I feel this way because I believe the self is a very important part of life. Dealing with a persons troubles in a conscious way will help them learn to deal with it on their own. On the later subject I am very well informed. I saw this video once in High School and it still gives me goose bumps. I do agree with Dr. Buscaglia on his views. His ideas sound wonderful, but we must be realistic. Our world doesn't work that way. Some people are really nice and do care, but others love pity. They play on others to build themselves up. Love is a gift and should be cherished, but I do believe that it would take ages to create the kind of love he is talking about. It is a very slim chance that it will ever happen. If you look, throughout history, as long as there have been people there has been hate. Those rotten few have and will always ruin it for the rest. It is not their fault, not their parent, grandparent and so on. Its human nature to hate crave greed lust and other such sins. We dont mean to be like that its just the way we are. There is no good without evil, no light without dark, and no love without . If our species accepts that, we might be able to get a foo thold on true love.

Emergent bilingual Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Emergent bilingual - Essay Example This group of individuals is born outside the country and speaks a different language other than English in their respective homes. They have insufficient mastery of English language that can help them meet the country’s standards and pass in any English test. (pg. 87 line 1-8) Garcia 2009 asserts that in most of today’s society, the most misunderstood issue in our education system is how the students who speak other languages that are not English related will be educated. Calling children this term of emergent bilinguals creates a positive characteristic as compared to the earlier term of English language learners that were used to refer to this group of individuals. This term does not suggest that these children have a limitation, but it suggests that they have the potential of developing bilingualism. These groups of children are noted to have an advantage over those children who only speaks English as their language, and they have difficulties in becoming bilinguals (pg. 322 lines 1-27). Bilinguals are known to can develop academic English if they are to be given the same opportunities on socioeducation as the other white children who are wealthy. A new curriculum and pedagogy that is equitable must adapt to the needs of emergent bilinguals. The inclusive curriculum that is challenging for emergent bilinguals must be adaptive ecologically as bilingual students, and biliteracy emerge. In early childhood, emergent bilingual at one point must have been given the opportunity to interact with caring adults and apart from speaking their home languages; they do understand their cultural practices. These adults also guided their bilingual development through providing the children with opportunities to practice how to speak and use English language. The language that the child is to use must occur in the home of the child’s language (GarciÃŒ a & Kleifgen,

Biotechnology Final Assignment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Biotechnology Final Assignment - Case Study Example It has offered people a better way to benefit from other organisms while being environmentally friendly. The modification of genes has enabled there to be different breeds of certain animals. This has led to the creation of a different breed altogether with certain characteristics (Sutton 29). This paper will review the way biotechnology has been crucial in the evolution of the environment through time. How the topic relates to the class Biotechnology has led to the improvement of the preservation of the environment. Throughout history, it was vital that people protect and preserve the environment. The problem with this came with the little knowledge they had to dispose of certain waste products (Sutton 35). These waste products may have come from anywhere take for instance the animals, and people. The waste would often be left unattended, and this led to the degradation of the environment. However, people found out alternative methods of ridding the environment of this waste by conv erting it into something useful. Animal waste found use in farms as a way of offering fertility to the soil. This is since the decomposition that occurred provided the necessary elements for the growth of healthy plants, and crops. Biotechnology has improved the manner in which people relate to the environment. In prehistoric times, it was easy to see how biotechnology was used to carry out day to day activities (Sutton 39). An example would be the fermentation of fruit drinks to make wine. Personal thoughts on the topic It is vital to note the significance biotechnology has brought forth. Many fields in the world are coming up as a result of biotechnology. There have been many things that have become possible due to biotechnology. This is with improvement in technology over time. However, it is clear that biotechnology is not something that is accepted globally. Some believe that it has led to the creation of things that go against God’s design. The manipulation of DNA in di fferent animals has been condemned by many (Sutton 45). The use of herbicides over long periods has received criticism from different quarters. This criticism is becoming more of a hindrance to the use of biotechnology to clean up contaminated environments (Sutton 48). Marine life depends on biotechnology to take care of the growing number of accidents in the sea. Oil spills require techniques that are incorporated by biotechnology to clean up. The ceasing of such techniques would mean that these fields would be rendered useless over a certain period. Biotechnology has found ways to get rid of waste from the environment while having little negative impact on the said environment. The biological processes that biotechnology offers are seen to play a key role in the promotion of a sustainable environment (Sutton 59). Some of the things that it does to benefit the environment are immense. They seem to outweigh the things that it has done that seem to impact the environment negatively. Reason for choosing the topic One of the reasons for choosing this topic is to bring to the attention of many people the benefits brought on by biotechnology. Biotechnology should be embraced for the betterment of the whole global village. This is since the benefits can be seen and felt around the world (Sutton 69). The advancement has contributed to the production of medicine that has eradicated many diseases that would, otherwise, still exist. Not only has biotechnology improved the lives of many, it has prevented the