America and Multilateralism: A History

America and Multilateralism: A History Maybe it is protected to induce from the earliest starting point that there doesn't seem, by all accounts, to be a nation on the planet that isn't influenced or has not been influenced in one manner or the other by the United States of America. Shy of this, there definitely doesn't stay in presence a nation, individuals or society which has no information, anyway constrained, of the United States of America. No single day goes without the American force being tended to or analyzed in one limit or the other by the worldwide media. After some time, yet specifically, in later occasions, no different country’s political, household, financial barrier or capacities and capacities have been more considered or talked about than the degree at which America has been. In established truth, it is protected to deduce that not very many policy centered issues today incite such solid and various reactions as the job of the United States of America in its endeavor to re-shape world affairs.[1 ] The ongoing fear based oppressor assault on America of grave results, its response to it and the wars in Afghanistan just as Iraq have increased the discussion about the nature and possibilities of American super force. There stays a way of thinking that keeps on praising the United States’ accomplishments in declaring just as bringing freedom, popular government and flourishing to each side of the world. Others are progressively disposed towards judgment of America’s quest for authoritative status and its endeavor to force a solitary financial framework and a limited arrangement of good conviction on different countries around the globe. Whichever way of thinking one has a place with re America’s execution on the universal platform, most have come to the end result that the historical backdrop of the twenty-first century will be resolved to a huge degree by the manner in which American force is utilized, and by the manner by which other major political player s on the worldwide front respond to it. The country has frequently been alluded to as a majestic, a realm or authority. A great many people despite everything keep on seeing America as that fair place that is known for roses where ‘anything can happen’. Some despite everything put stock in, particularly those outside the shores of the nation and stressing to one day be conceded into the incredible nation, what they call the ‘American Dream’. It is as far as anyone knows a nation where ‘anything is possible’. Customarily in any case, America is no longer viewed with rose colored exhibitions. Given its ongoing history world over, this is not really a shock of any centrality. The word which best strikes a chord when America, that extraordinary country is being talked about as it continually is for differing reasons, is authority. What, it may be valuable to enquire at this crossroads, is authority? In lay man’s terms, authority, briefly put , is initiative by transcendence (some may even say animosity) of littler and more vulnerable states or countries by normally greater countries with an end goal to accomplish global control. Does America subsequently stand properly blamed for endeavoring to rule the world through its conceptualisation of worldwide legislative issues, international strategies and military, or if nothing else to rule those countries which are viewed as littler and more fragile? It is normal information that while a few nations practice socialism or communism, America was and stays an entrepreneur nation where the saying directly after ‘In God We Trust’ is a generally acknowledged however implicit ‘survival of the fittest’. In the early on expressions of G. John Ikenberry in his book ‘America Unrivalled’, â€Å"The pr-greatness of American force today is extraordinary in current history. No other incredible force has delighted in such impressive focal points in m ilitary, monetary, innovative, social or political abilities. We live in a one-super force world, and there is no genuine rivalry in sight†[2] These words quickly infer maybe the most questionable wars everything being equal and America’s tremendous commitment or one may even set out say conspicuous determined arrangement of the equivalent, the Iraqi intrusion (and on-going war till date) in 2003. It merits thinking back at this crossroads how the world watched and held up anxiously while the United Nations thought on whether the United States ought to be conceded the authorisation to attack Iraq dependent on its reports about the alleged vile forces that be and the weapons of mass devastation they apparently had really taking shape which it further asserted presented un-predicted dangers to the universal world. It is one more point for the contention that America is quick turning out to be or for sure has everything except achieved the status of a domineering state that President George W. Shrub declared to the world that paying little heed to the UN’s choice and that of its Member States, America will move f orward in war against Iraq and Afghanistan, alone in the event that they needed to. In his accurate words, â€Å"†¦when it goes to our security, we truly don't require anyone’s permission†[3] It was later contended that no doubt even the United Nations, an alleged world arbitrator and universal image of harmony, is only one more instrument in America’s previously overflowing tool kit. In spite of the fact that at that point, this declaration from the Bush Administration sounded as egotistical and ‘above the law’ as it truly might have been, there were numerous who felt America would be supported in its choice in the wake of the September 11 assault. September 11 2001 (from this point forward alluded to as 9/11) achieved the defining moment ever, worldwide law and the utilization of power against fear based oppression. The expressions of an American man considered energetic for sure strikes a chord at this questionable position of George W. Shru b re dismissing the world’s feeling and/endorsement to its utilization of power for the sake of battling fear mongering. The man, in all honesty Richard Holbrooke, previous United States minister to the United Nations, who once expressed after cautious perception, one ought to envision, that the Bush organization takes steps to make a â€Å"radical break with 55 years of a bipartisan custom that looked for universal understandings and systems good for us†[4] Many years, loss of lives both non military personnel and military, reports of appalling medicines dispensed to detainees of war (PWO) by the American fighters contrary to each standard of Humanitarian Law and the Geneva Convention, America’s refusal to pull back its soldiers significantly after the fall of Saddam Hussein (its most noteworthy foe) the inquiry on everyone’s lips is whether the war was in reality for all the philanthropic reasons cited by America in its somewhat created reports or for a dditional reasons nearer to home. The inquiry can even be represented right back to Operation Desert Storm in a similar Iraq in 1993. Did America attack Iraq on the two events for financial increase and at last to put itself as the world’s super force. In spite of the fact that it shows up now to the world that the Bush organization is the one liable for significantly drawing America away from multilateralism, a think once again into the Clinton organization will affirm this isn't remotely evident. Under the Clinton organization, America neither hung tight for the United Nation’s endorsement/authorisation before conveying the North Atlantic Treaty Operation (NATO) to Serbia in 1999 nor preceding its bomb assault on Iraq in 1998. There were likewise different Conventions, Acts and Treaties America rather obviously avoided marking or approving, for example, the prohibiting of further utilization of Land Mines (the Ottawa Convention of 1997). The distinction maybe would b e the place the Clinton organization received discretion in its conveyance of such one-sided choices; the Bush organization essentially continues onward with no respect for the world’s sentiment, endorsement or much of the time dissatisfaction. In the time following the World War (II), America’s quality was not just seen during the war with the sending of its military, which later framed a collusion with the United Kingdom among others (the unified powers) yet in addition after the war in its endeavor to revamp Germany just as other war torn nations in the war result. In this, America had strategised and was obviously fruitful in guaranteeing that the world didn't return to its shut provincial dealings of the 1930s preceding the war. The establishing of the United Nations on 24 October 1945 additionally made sure that the start of what is presently known as globalization was built up. A post war time of multilateral character and noteworthiness was in this manner worked around financial and security understandings, for example, the Bretton Woods Agreement on fiscal just as exchange relations among countries. The American-drove NATO security agreement followed a lot later. This worldwide request which appeared after t he war (World War II) was adequately one which was multilateral in character. A progressively open arrangement of exchange and ventures started to rise, to a great extent supported by America. Financial and security matters just as political relations got undefined and indissoluble among countries in what is best portrayed as an open world market or globalization. This is apparent in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) just as the Bretton Woods understanding prior referenced. A partnership tie developed between the United States and the Great Britain specifically and the European landmass by and large in a situation one could just place in lay man’s terms ‘rub my back and I will rub yours’. America’s financial just as security help to the Asian area is likewise worth referencing. America guaranteed and proceeds so to do, that more fragile and littler states are managed security help, assurance and conceded access to its business sectors, inno vation and nation all in all. In the wake of America’s Green Card Lottery plot, the help

Martin Luther King And Malcolm X Two Men Vying For The Same Outcome Es

Martin Luther King And Malcolm X Two Men Vying For The Same Outcome Martin Luther King and Malcolm X two men competing for a similar result yet each at inverse sides of the range. Ruler was brought up in an agreeable white collar class family where instruction was pushed. On the other hand, Malcolm X originated from an oppressed home. He was a self-educated man who got small tutoring and rose to enormity on his own insight and assurance. Martin Luther King was naturally introduced to a family whose name in Atlanta was settled. Regardless of isolation, Martin Luther King's folks guaranteed that their kid was secure and glad. Malcolm X was conceived on May 19, 1925 and was brought up in a totally unexpected environment in comparison to King, an air of dread and outrage where the seeds of harshness were planted. The consuming of his home by the Ku Klux Klan brought about the homicide of his dad. His mom later endured a mental meltdown and his family was separated. He was spooky by this early bad dream for the vast majority of his life. From that point on, he was driven by contempt and a longing for retribution. Every keeps an eye on youth childhood I accept was answerable for their later attack on Civil Rights The two men at last became transcending symbols of contemporary African-American culture and impacted dark Americans. Be that as it may, King had a more inspirational mentality than Malcolm X, accepting that through serene showings and contentions, blacks will have the option to some time or another acquire full uniformity with whites. Malcolm X's gloom about existence was reflected in his irate, negative conviction that balance is inconceivable on the grounds that whites have no ethical inner voice. Ruler essentially received on an intergrationalist reasoning, whereby he felt that blacks and whites ought to be joined together and live respectively in harmony. Malcolm X, be that as it may, advanced patriot and rebel tenets. For the vast majority of his life, he accepted that just through transformation and power could blacks accomplish their legitimate spot in the public arena. Both X and King spread their message through ground-breaking, hard-hitting addresses. In any case, their aims were conveyed in various styles and purposes. Lord was fundamentally a serene pioneer who asked peacefulness to his supporters. He went about the nation giving discourses that enlivened highly contrasting audience members to cooperate for racial amicability. (pg. 135, Martin Luther King Jr. what's more, the Freedom Movement) Malcolm X, generally, accepted that peacefulness and coordination was a stunt by the whites to keep blacks in their places. He was enraged at white prejudice and supported his adherents through his talks to ascend and challenge their white adversaries. After Malcolm X split away from Elijah Mohammed, this change is reflected in his more moderate discourses. Malcolm X and Martin Luther King's youth's had ground-breaking effects on the men and their addresses. Malcolm X was raised in an environment of brutality. During his adolescence, Malcolm X experienced maltreatment by whites, yet additionally from aggressive behavior at home. His father beat his mom and them two manhandled their youngsters. His mom had to bring up eight kids during the downturn. After his mom had a psychological breakdown, the kids were totally positioned in cultivate homes. Malcolm X's disdain was expanded as he endured the attacks of coordinated tutoring. Albeit a clever understudy who common the fantasy about being a legal advisor with Martin Luther King, Malcolm X's indignation and bafflement made him drop out of school. He began to go through cocaine and set a robbery ring to help his costly propensity. Malcolm X's threatening vibe and advancement of savagery as a method of getting change was settled in his adolescence. Martin Luther King lived in a completely extraordinary condition. He was a keen understudy and skirted two evaluations before entering an ivy association school at just the period of 15. He was the class valedictorian with an A normal. Ruler strutted his graduation present in another green Chevrolet before his individual alumni. He was brought up in the ideal condition where dreams and love were produced. Ruler and X's adolescence's are a concentrate in extremity. (pg. 254, Reflecting Black) Whereas, Malcolm X was brought up in nightmarish conditions. Lord's house was nearly dream-like. He was raised

Rare Gene Discourages Alcohol Dependence Among Jews

Rare Gene Discourages Alcohol Dependence Among Jews Addiction Alcohol Use Print Rare Gene Discourages Alcohol Dependence Among Jews By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 05, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 22, 2019 TEK IMAGE / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery For many years, it was generally believed that religious and cultural influences were the reason for low rates of alcoholism among Jewish males. This has changed thanks to research which found a biological explanation for the phenomenon. Gene Has Protective Effect for Alcoholism in Jewish Population Scientists are not exactly sure why, but a particular gene variation tends to discourage heavier drinking in the persons who have it. The gene was  first known as alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (ADH2*2), but later became known as alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B),   An estimated 20 percent of the Jewish population has the ADH1B gene. This is believed to be a factor in the low rates of alcoholism reported in this ethnic group. The gene produces a more active form of the enzyme that catalyzes the first step in alcohol metabolism. Studies have found that the gene seems to account for the lower rate of alcoholism more so than religious practice. Those who have the gene variant tend to drink less frequently and consume less alcohol. At the same time, theyre more likely to have  unpleasant reactions to alcohol, which often acts as a deterrent. Later research found that there is a catch. The protective effects of the gene can be minimized by environmental or cultural factors that encourage heavy alcohol consumption. Looking at Cultural Influences to Drink Deborah Hasin, Ph.D., of Columbia University, and her colleagues studied 75 Israeli Jews between the ages of 22 and 65. They found that the subjects with the ADH1B gene had significantly lower rates of alcohol dependence over their lifetimes. Hasins study was the first to link the gene to rates of alcohol dependence, rather than just heavier alcohol consumption.  It also found that cultural influences could lessen or negate the genes protective effects. The researchers divided the participants into groups based on their country of origin and recency of immigration to Israel. This is where they found variations in the protective effects of ADH1B. Influences of a Heavy Drinking Culture The studys subjects were divided into Ashkenazi (those of European background and arrivals from Russia before 1989) and the Sephardic (those of Middle Eastern or North African background) and more recent immigrants from Russia. The recent Russian immigrants had the highest rates of heavier drinking than the other two groups. They also had the highest rates of past and lifetime alcohol dependency. The researchers concluded that both genes and environment are factors in the development of alcoholism. Russia has an extremely  high rate of alcohol consumption, while Israel has one of the lowest rates. The heavy-drinking culture of the recent Russian immigrants overcame the protective effects of the ADH1B gene.   Therefore, the Russian immigrants who had been in Israel prior to 1989 were affected by Israels culture of less alcohol consumption, the research believes. They had rates of alcohol dependence similar to the Ashkenazis and Sephardic. Younger Israelis Influenced to Drink In recent years, however, the Israel culture has changed to include higher levels of alcohol consumption. In particular, heavy drinking has increased among younger Israeli Jews. A later study by Hasin and colleagues looked at the differences in the effect of the ADH1B gene on the alcohol consumption of younger and older adult Israelis. Drinking levels among older participants were low, regardless of the type of ADH1B gene. Yet, in younger Israelis, those without the protective gene had greater rates of alcohol consumption. Overall, those over 33 years old had lower drinking rates than those younger than 33. This indicates the environmental influences promoting greater drinking among younger Israelis can overcome the protective effects of the gene.

Essay Fear of Failure in The Catcher In The Rye - 773 Words

Fear of Failure in The Catcher In The Rye Holden Caulfield, the main character in J.D. Salingers novel, The Catcher In The Rye, feels that he needs to protect people around him, because he failed to protect his brother Allie from death. Holden feels that he has to care for those close to him. He watches over Jane, Phoebe, and even Mrs. Murrow when he meets her on the train. Holden tries to shield these people from distress. He does not want to fail anyone else. Returning back home from getting kicked out of Pencey, Holden meets the mother of Ernest Murrow, a classmate of his, on the train. They introduce themselves and start talking about Ernest and how he is like in school. Holden did not tell Mrs. Murrow†¦show more content†¦Murrow to be proud of her son: You take somebodys mother, all they want to hear about is what a hot-shot their son is. (56) No one tells Mrs. Caulfield how wonderful Holden is; all they tell her is what trouble he has gotten into. Holdens childhood friend, Jane Gallagher, also needs protection. She is vulnerable because of her childhood. ` Her mother and father were divorced. Her mother was married again to some boozehound... [He would] run around the goddamn house, naked, with Jane around and all. (32) Holden was afraid that Janes stepfather abused her. I asked her on the way, if Mr. Cudahy- that was the boozehounds name- had ever tried to get wise with her. (79) Even though Holden likes Jane, he does not try to take advantage of her because she needs the safety of their friendship. Holden is angry with Stradlater because he threatened Jane, and could have harmed her. Holdens younger sister Phoebe, is also in need of Holdens protection. He must protect her because he failed to protect his brother Allie from death. Holden feels that it is his responsibility to protect Phoebe from whatever may put her in danger, even himself: I was glad. All of a sudden I wanted her to cry till her eyes practically dropped out. I almost hated her. I think I hated her most because she wouldnt be in that play any more if she went away with me. (207) He does not want Phoebe to turn out like himself. He wantsShow MoreRelatedHolden Caulfield and the Pressures of Society: The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1286 Words   |  6 Pagesnovel to life. In the bildungsroman, The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, characterization is often found, especially regarding the protagonist, Holden Caulfield. Salinger also includes many themes in his novel relating to growing up in a corrupt society. Hence, this paper will compare, contrast, and evaluate literary critici sms regarding the themes and characterization of J.D. Salinger’s novel The Catcher in the Rye. Many critics of The Catcher in the Rye discuss in depth the characterizationRead MoreJ.b. Salinger s A Perfect Day For Bananafish 1714 Words   |  7 PagesBuddhism, Hindu-Buddhism, and other Eastern beliefs. Buddhism can be found throughout Nine Stories in the book s closing story Teddy. He also was a devoted student of The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna, an important work of Hindu mysticism. The Catcher in the Rye is about Holden Caulfield who is a teenage who is great at being a slacker. The book starts with Holden failing school for the fourth time. During the last days before his leaves he looks for a way to finish his school experience but he endsRead MoreCatcher and the Rye Essay1382 Words   |  6 PagesRob Ferrara Ms. Groark English II Honors 26 February 2009 A World of Poor Choices The exciting novel The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger expresses the free will of choice. Salinger cleverly conveys how decisions can alter a person’s perspective of their peer. Holden Caulfield, the protagonist, is a young teenager who has emotional instability and behavioral concerns. Holden acts immaturely extensively throughout the book. Holden invents a world where adulthood is the emblem of superficialityRead MoreThe Catcher In The Rye Analysis1657 Words   |  7 PagesOne must inevitably confront the daunting face of adulthood. In J. D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye, Salinger depicts the disheartening journey from adolescence to adulthood that Holden Caulfield endures. Although holden seeks the freedoms that mark adulthood, he has yet to take up the role of a truly mature citizen as the society conforming nature of those adults disgust him, leading him to his gradual mental decline. J. D. Salinger uses the immature character of Holden Caulfield as a me ansRead MoreSimilarities Between Catcher In The Rye And The Pleasure Of My Company1552 Words   |  7 PagesPleasure of my Company by Steve Martin and The Catcher in the Rye by J.D Salinger, this theme has been expressed in different ways. While Martin in his book, The Pleasure of My Company expresses the theme of isolation by develops a protagonist who is confined from the normal social life like other people by his fears, Salinger develops such a character in his short story, The Catcher in the Rye, who is isolated from a normal life by his failures. The two pieces of literature are quite contrastingRead MoreSymbols in The Catcher in the Rye967 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Symbols in The Catcher in the Rye In The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger many symbols are used to show a deeper meaning for the people, objects and places Holden Caulfield comes in contact with during the story. Holden is often unable to connect to or make relationships with other people, and his encounters usually end with him alone and feeling insecure. Holden deals with these insecurities by looking for the phoniness in others. But his failures are something that he cannot truly runRead MoreCatcher In The Rye Symbolism Essay713 Words   |  3 Pagesrepercussions of anxiety and fear which lead to the ultimate idea that 19 million American adults suffer from cases of severe depression. Holden Caulfield, the protagonist of Catcher in the Rye, suffers depression, which leads to conflict between him and society during his junior and senior year in high school The author, J.D. Salinger, uses symbolism and imagery to portray Holden’s lack of confidence due to his disruptive and frazzled childhood. Symbolism in Catcher in the Rye shows what the charactersRead MoreCatcher In The Rye Literary Conflict1087 Words   |  5 Pagesquestion: What is the main literary conflict found in ‘The Catcher in the Rye’? Introduction: J.D Salinger’s bestselling novel ‘The Catcher in the Rye’ depicts a troubled teenage boy who conflicts with the society of the 1950s. Holden Caufield’s cynical way of narrating the story with his constant criticism about other people and the ugliness of the world, introduces the readers to a judgemental and critical protagonist. ‘The Catcher in the Rye’ was based on Salinger’s life experience after WWII. WhileRead More Catcher in the Rye Essay: The Importance of Language1464 Words   |  6 PagesThe Importance of Language in The Catcher in the Rye   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   J.D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye has captured the spirit of adolescence, dramatizing Holden Caulfields vulgar language and melodramatic reactions. Written as the autobiographical account of a fictional teenage prep school student named Holden Caulfield, The Catcher in the Rye deals with material that is socially scandalous for the time (Gwynn, 1958). As an emotional, intelligent, and sensitive young man, Holden puts his innerRead MoreText Response: the Catcher in the Rye1379 Words   |  6 PagesText Response: The Catcher in the Rye The novel, The Catcher in he Rye, written by J.D. Salinger was set in the late 1940 - early 1950s in New York. This novel explores the themes of loneliness, relationships and deception though the use of literary devices. Many symbols are used to enhance our understanding of the novel; such as Holden Caulfield s red hunting hat, the museum of Natural History, the ducks in Central Park Lagoon and the carousel. The author gives us an insight into the life of

Pete Rose Psychology Personality - 1607 Words

Publisher: Rodale Books Copyright: 2004 Pete Rose was born on April 14, 1941 and grew up in Cincinnati, Ohio with his parents Harry and LaVerne Rose. His father Harry could be described as hard-working, tough, and hard-nosed, especially when it came to sports. Harry played semi-pro football and always pushed Pete to give 110% at all times. This attitude and effort that Pete was exposed to growing up with a man like Harry stuck with Pete his entire life and as a result he earned the nickname â€Å"Charlie Hustle†, although it was not originally meant to be a compliment. In spring training of Pete’s rookie year, he got walked by Yankee legend Whitey Ford. Instead of jogging to first base like everybody else in baseball, Rose sprinted to first†¦show more content†¦This need for superiority was not only prevalent in his playing days but also as he transitioned out of his playing days. In 1986, Rose was player-manager of the Reds and the last player-manager in professional baseball, a feat that is unlike ly to occur again. Pete Rose will always be most remembered for betting on baseball while playing/managing the Reds. Rose denied these allegations for 14 years, even in the face of substantial evidence including an independent investigative report by Jon Dowd (better known as the Dowd Report). The defense mechanism most often used by Rose during this time period was flat-out denial. While denying the accusations, Rose likely received negative reinforcement due to the escape of the emotions involved in admitting such a terrible act in the eyes of baseball. A potentially big initial factor behind this is that shortly after the Dowd Report; Rose voluntarily placed himself on baseball’s ineligible list in August 1989 with the agreement from then-commissioner Bart Giamatti that after a one-year banishment from baseball, Rose could apply for reinstatement. Tragedy struck when Giamatti unexpectedly died from a heart attack before Rose’s year-long banishment had concluded. Fay Vincent took over as commissioner after Giamatti’s death and was unwilling to reinstate Rose, as many would have seen the move as disrespectful toShow MoreRelatedPerson Centred Therapy Offers the Therapist All That He/She Will Need to Treat Clients.3609 Words   |  15 PagesIn the field of Counselling and Psychotherapy there are many differing theories which are used to help those who seek counselling including Person Centred Therapy. Person Centred Therapy has been described as one nation, many tribes by Pete Sanders. In many parts of the world Person-Centred Therapy (PCT) is seen as a family of therapies, including Experiential Psychotherapy and Focusing. Closely associated with PCT are Existential Therapy and various integrative approaches. Since Carl Rogers’Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages0-13-283487-1 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-283487-2 Brief Contents Preface xxii 1 2 Introduction 1 What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Individual 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Diversity in Organizations 39 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 69 Emotions and Moods 97 Personality and Values 131 Perception and Individual Decision Making 165 Motivation Concepts 201 Motivation: From Concepts to Applications 239 3 The Group 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Foundations of Group Behavior 271 Understanding Work Teams 307 CommunicationRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesFigure 4.1 The Trustees of the Imperial War Museum, London; Figure 4.2 adapted from Performance evaluation and control: supporting organizational change in Management Decision Vol. 39 No. 10 MCB University Press (Johnson, P., et al. 2001); Figure 5.1 Pete Saloutos/CORBIS; Table 5.1  © Managerial Leadership in the Post Industrial Society, P. Sadler, 1988, Ashgate; Figure 5.2 J Gross/Getty Images/Sport; Figure 5.3 after Manpower strategies for flexible organizations, Personnel Management August, CharteredRead MoreInnovators Dna84615 Words   |  339 Pages 5/13/11 9:53 AM Page 5 5 Introduction Who Is Classified as an Innovator? Perhaps one of the most surprising findings from the past thirty years of entrepreneurship research is that entrepreneurs do not differ signiï ¬ cantly (on personality traits or psychometric measures) from typical business executives.a We usually meet this ï ¬ nding with skepticism, since most of us intuitively believe that entrepreneurs are somehow different from other executives. Note that our research focusedRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesresources. Authority gives managers the right to direct and control their subordinates’ behavior to achieve organizational goals. In a bureaucratic system of administration, obedience is owed to a manager, not because of any personal qualities— such as personality, wealth, or social status—but because the manager occupies a position that is associated with a certain level of authority and responsibility.19 Principle 2: In a bureaucracy, people should occupy positions because of their performance, not becauseRead MoreHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 Pagesbeyond Galvatrens’s core businesses in home health care and personal beauty, he took the company into nutritional and wellness products, medical diagnostics and devices, and products for infants and the home. Revenues, earnings, and the share price r ose steadily. So that Chip could focus on developing strategy and building relationships with customers and business partners, he had sought a COO who would concentrate on the company’s day-to-day operations. Harry Mart, whom Chip had lured away from aRead MoreCrossing the Chasm76808 Words   |  308 Pageskitchens, lies a technology called application-specific integrated circuits, or ASICs. These are tiny microprocessors that are producible in high volume up to the last layer, which is then designed by the customers to add the final veneer of personality needed for their specific product. ASICs embody many of the fundamental elements of modern marketing—radical customizability overlaid onto a constant and reliable foundation, dramatically shortened times to market, relatively small productionRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pages1984. In 1995 he worked as a Fulbright scholar with faculty at the Krakow Academy of Economics on modernizing Polish business education. In 2005 he was a visiting professor at Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok, Thailand. He received a B.A. in psychology from Claremont McKenna College and a Ph.D. in management from State University of New York at Buffalo. He is a certified project management professional (PMP) and Scrum Master. Clifford F. Gray CLIFFORD F. GRAY is professor emeritus of management

Community Knowledge Building And Self Regulated Learning Education Essay Free Essays

string(156) " a box or circle that is connected to one or more other constructs via directed discharge, stand foring the relationships between the constructs concerned\." Background In Hong Kong, it has already been a long clip that schooling puts the chief focal point on persons ‘ abilities, temperaments and chances without profoundly researching the possibility of larning through community interaction. Normally merely formal cognition and incontrovertible accomplishments are taught in traditional schoolrooms. The bulk of this sort of cognition is inert that does non promote deep thought and enquiry. We will write a custom essay sample on Community Knowledge Building And Self Regulated Learning Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now There is no mechanism for pupils to get expert-learning accomplishments. In add-on, informal or silent cognition is by and large ignored in school course of studies, though it is every bit of import as the formal cognition. The acquisition aims are besides crystalline to pupils. Students are occupied with undertakings and activities but they do non hold a clear thought about the grounds why they have to make those undertakings and activities. Problem 2: Pedagogical Paradigm Shift due to the Introduction of the NSS Curriculums Since 2009, the course of studies of most secondary schools have undergone a dramatic alteration due to the acceptance of the New Senior Secondary ( NSS ) course of studies. Two major alterations are the debut of broad surveies and project-based acquisition. The broad surveies subject enables pupils to do connexions among different subjects, examine issues from a assortment of positions, and construct personal cognition of immediate relevancy to themselves in the modern-day universe. On the other manus, project-based acquisition ( PBL ) aims to enable pupils to build cognition through developing their independent acquisition capablenesss, generic and collaborative accomplishments. It is obvious that the new course of studies emphasise on the cultivation of abilities of pupils to incorporate information gathered to build their ain cognition independently and collaboratively. However, most instructors and pupils are still non prepared for this polar alteration and experience perplexed about the new manner of instruction and acquisition. Problem 3: The Problems of the Commonly Used Learning Platforms Even though some Hong Kong schools understand the jobs of the traditional permissive instruction attack, good acquisition platforms that can carry through the demands of this new acquisition environment are rare in the market. Despite that many schools have installed computing machines with Internet entree in schoolrooms, there is no obvious difference in pupil larning quality between this sort of computer-supported schoolrooms and the traditional 1s. Intentional acquisition and expertness development.can barely be fostered in this sort of schoolroom scenes. In order to better larning quality and effectivity, some schools in Hong Kong have been following certain learning platforms for about ten old ages, yet they can merely let pupils to upload their work, download stuffs mandated by instructors, station messages to or read messages from electronic notice-boards, etc.. The platforms merely act like electronic information depositories that can non truly assist pupils to larn and build cognition on their ain or collaboratively, non to advert that the user interfaces are non easy-to-use in general. This sort of larning platforms contradicts the e-learning systems suggested by Angehrn, Nabeth and Roda ( 2001 ) . They claimed that e-learning should be extremely personalised, learner-centric, societal, active, synergistic, connected to scholars ‘ ends, supportive of uninterrupted acquisition and so on. Research of Existing Learning Platforms Supporting Collaborative Learning Sing the issues mentioned above, pupils in Hong Kong need a learning platform that can supply utile and effectual installations for them to pull off and build cognition, and larn collaboratively and continuously. The platform should besides assist them to do better usage of the bing on-line resources and manage and consolidate the information they have obtained for self-regulated acquisition. After researching preliminarily on bing acquisition platforms, there are three major computing machine supported collaborative work/learning ( CSCW/L ) systems available for instruction intents: FLE3, Synergeia and Knowledge Forum. FLE3 ( Leinonen et al. , 2002 ) , which is an unfastened beginning platform developed under the ITCOLE undertaking, entails a depository, a forum and a shared workspace called WebTop tool, Knowledge Building tool and Jamming tool severally. The last tool allows scholars to do usage of all sorts of multimedia digital artifacts. Synergeia ( Stahl, 2004 ) is besides designed within the ITCOLE undertaking that provides free licences for educational establishments. It portions paperss and informations through depositories ( the Basic Support for Cooperative Work system ) and forums ( Instant Messages ) severally in an asynchronous environment. The most singular tool is MapTool that enables a group of participants to make concept map collaboratively and synchronously. The confab tool is besides synchronal. Knowledge Forum was initiated by Marlene Scardamalia and Carl Bereiter. They have proposed that schools should be restructured as cognition edifice community based on the thought that larning, expertness cultivation in peculiar, requires enormous attempt and societal support that is non accessible in the first-order school environment. Students should get non-asymptotic acquisition accomplishments, i.e. , learn to continuously accommodate to alterations in the environment caused by others ‘ version. This procedure will invariably do parts to the corporate cognition of a school community, transforming the school into a second-order environment. Multimedia Learning A acquisition platform that can steer pupils efficaciously to build cognition from assorted sorts of information, particularly the multimedia one ( Shank, 2005 ) , is of paramount importance. Van Merrienboer ( 1999 ) proposed some guidelines of bringing of instructions in multimedia acquisition environments. He considered multimedia larning in web-based environments really important in the approaching hereafter as it facilitates distributed distance bringing and combines presentation and communicating installations. He believed that multimedia acquisition can be used to back up competency-based acquisition, and effectual, efficient and appealing collaborative acquisition. The multimedia capablenesss of all of the three platforms literally satisfy the guidelines. Concept Maps The MapTool of Synergeia allows participants to build corporate cognition through pulling construct maps: a graphical artifact that expresses cognition of scholars in a signifier that can be understood easy. The development of construct maps was initiated by Novak and Gowin ‘s ( 1984 ) research refering human acquisition and cognition building. In a construct map, besides called cognition map, a construct is normally placed inside a box or circle that is connected to one or more other constructs via directed discharge, stand foring the relationships between the constructs concerned. You read "Community Knowledge Building And Self Regulated Learning Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" The relationships are described by verbs normally. The constructs are contrived hierarchically with the most general constructs at the top of the map. The construction of a construct map is dependent on its context. Concept maps holding similar constructs can change from one context to another and are extremely idiosyncratic. Concept maps can be used to mensurate the cognition of a individual about a subject in a specific context. Therefore, construct maps constructed by different people on the same subject must be different. In the same sense, there is no such a thing as the â€Å" right † construct map about a peculiar subject, as there can be many available right representations of the subject. Concept function has assisted people of different ages obtain cognition in assorted Fieldss. When constructs and associating words are carefully chosen, these maps are powerful tools for detecting niceties of significance. Each construct map allows its Godhead to do usage of a virtually limitless set of associating words to demo how significances can be developed. There are no limitations on what words can be used to organize constructs or associating phrases. Concepts are normally nouns and associating phrases verbs. It is recommended to utilize as few words as possible for constructs and associating verbs. Associating phrases can show any types of relationships and are non limited to a defined set. Knowledge Building Knowledge Forum is designed harmonizing to the 12 Knowledge Building Principles proposed by Marlene Scardamalia and Carl Bereiter. It is a collaborative acquisition platform operated in a networked environment. It can work on both wired and wireless webs and users can entree it via the Internet. The model of Knowledge Forum is cross-sector, cross-age and cross-cultural. It has been used in instruction, wellness attention and concern communities in the Americas, Asia, Australia, Europe, and New Zealand. This reflects that the sociocognitive and cultural procedures underlying cognition acquisition and cognition creative activity are basically the same that are applicable to knowledge builders of all sectors, ages, and civilizations. The 12 Knowledge Building Principles are as follows: Real Ideas, Authentic Problems Ideas are every bit existent as touchable things. Learners are much more interested in existent life jobs than textbook jobs and mystifiers. Knowledge Forum fosters a civilization for scholars to work with thoughts creatively. Improvable Ideas All thoughts are improvable. Learners can actively better their ain thoughts and those in the community if they are encouraged to take hazards without being afraid to attest ignorance and have ague and unconstructive unfavorable judgment. Knowledge Forum allows continual betterment, alteration and theory polish. Idea Diversity Idea diverseness is indispensable to the development of cognition promotion as it creates a rich environment for thoughts to germinate into new and more refined signifiers. Knowledge Forum facilitates associating thoughts in different notes and positions together to advance interaction and productive usage of thought diverseness. Rise Above New syntheses of cognition can be obtained by unrelentingly working with improvable and diversified thoughts. High-order thought can be cultivated. In Knowledge Forum, rise-above notes and positions enable participants to larn accommodating progressive alterations in the environment. Epistemic Agency Learners are responsible for their cognition promotion that can be stimulated by the thoughts of other community members. They learn how to pull off their acquisition by puting ends and programs, inquiring inquiries, and measuring accomplishment. Knowledge Forum offers characteristics like scaffolds that help scholars synthesise high-ranking cognition by utilizing a assortment of epistemic footings such as speculation, admiration, speculate, etc.. Community Knowledge, Collective Responsibility Community accomplishments are valued more than single accomplishments. Participants portion duty for the overall cognition promotion in the community. Knowledge Forum provides an unfastened and collaborative environment that allows community members contribute conceptual artifacts that can be linked together effectual for future mention. Democratizing Knowledge All participants, including the more and less talented, are empowered to prosecute in cognition invention in Knowledge Forum. Every member strive for cognition promotion in a joint venture mode. Symmetric Knowledge Advancement It can be achieved from cognition exchange between members of different sorts of intelligence in a community as to give cognition is to acquire cognition. Knowledge Forum supports practical trials and co-construction of positions across user groups, both within and between communities. Permeant Knowledge Building Knowledge edifice utilizing Knowledge Forum can be carried out in and out of school through the Internet. Constructive Uses of Authoritative Beginnings Authoritative beginnings such as intelligence and multimedia stuffs found on the Internet can be attached to Knowledge Forum that can be acted as the foundation for cognition builders to progress community cognition. Knowledge Building Discourse Knowledge Forum accommodates discourse of cognition edifice communities that refines and transforms knowledge through the dianoetic patterns of the community. Embedded and Transformative Assessment Knowledge Forum allows a community to explicate its ain internal appraisal, which is both more bespoke and flexible than external appraisal Research Focus After comparing the chief characteristics of the three collaborative CSCL/W tools, it is blunt that Knowledge Forum emphasizes deeply on the procedure of community cognition edifice based on rules like improvable thoughts and progressive job work outing. It should be a more executable declaration for instructors and pupils to manage the approaching pedagogical paradigm displacement than the other two. It is perceived that Fle3 is simply designed as a package of depository, forum and shared workspace without important emphasis on the procedure of collaborative cognition building. Refering Synergeia, it is empowered by the notable construct maps that are widely accepted as a really effectual manner for cognition building. Nevertheless, the rise-above and build-on characteristics of Knowledge Forum maximize the learning capacity of each scholar through community attempt that triumph the concept-organising belongings of construct maps. Largely significantly, there are already many instructors rehearsing cognition edifice teaching methods utilizing Knowledge Forum in many topographic points. Apart from Toronto, Hong Kong has the largest instructor community giving excessive attempt to learning pupils collaborative larning accomplishments. However, the instructors who have experience in utilizing Knowledge Forum reported some insufficiency of the acquisition platform. For case, when a instructor wants to read a certain sort of messages, such as inquiries, he/she has to shop through all the notes straight in the present design. It is one of the grounds why it is non really easy to measure pupils ‘ parts. Sometimes a subscriber may desire to hold a list of his/her ain parts so that he/she can size up the acquisition procedure ; however, this map is non available in the current version. Research Aims The aims of this research are as follows: To look into extensively how Knowledge Forum can assist pupils build community cognition. To understand the jobs faced by instructors and pupils in utilizing Knowledge Forum, particularly those refering assessing pupils ‘ acquisition advancement and public presentation. To research a set of appropriate web and database engineering, particularly knowledge and information visual image, that is utile to strengthen the functionality of Knowledge Forum, particularly assessment tools that can avail instructors to measure pupils ‘ parts. To develop a paradigm of back uping tools that can reenforce Knowledge Forum sing appraisal, information storage and retrieval. To measure the quality and public presentation of the paradigm. Relevant Literature and Guiding Framework Knowledge Building and Problem Solving through Knowledge Forum Scardamalia and Bereiter believe that a school should be a topographic point for knowing acquisition and expertness cultivation. However, traditional schooling merely tackle seeable parts of cognition, i.e. , formal cognition and incontrovertible accomplishments. These sorts of inert cognition rarely touch pupils ‘ idea and behavior and utile informal/tacit cognition is seldom embraced in traditional school course of studies. Furthermore, in a traditional school, many instructors project their focal point on undertakings and activities without underlying the associated acquisition aims, so pupils are by and large incognizant of cognition aims behind the undertakings and activities they are supposed to make. Scardamalia and Bereiter point out pupils can accomplish knowing larning merely if they actively try to achieve a cognitive aim. Therefore, the current schooling system merely benefits those with high persons ‘ abilities, temperaments and chances, merely those alleged â€Å" bright † pupils are able to prise into the â€Å" secrets † of those undertakings and activities. Expertness cultivation in schools is besides of paramount importance, i.e. , pupils should be able to larn to be an expert-like scholar who processes progressive job work outing accomplishments. It is believed that job work outing accomplishments can be achieved through meaningful acquisition that metacognitive cognition is obtained by agencies of self-acting procedures. Richard and Wittrock put frontward seven instructional methods that stimulate job resolution: load-reducing, structure-based, schema-activation, productive, guided find, mold and learning thought. The first six methods train pupils to be domain job convergent thinkers while the last one enhances their general job work outing capablenesss. There are four characteristics of successful learning believing accomplishments plans: focal point on the most chiseled accomplishments, contextualize the accomplishments within reliable undertakings, personalise the accomplishments through societal interaction and language-based tr eatment of job resolution procedures, and speed up the accomplishments that pupils can larn with lower-level accomplishments. Simply expressed, Richard and Wittrock suggest that general expertness or job work outing accomplishments can be transferred from instructors to pupils based on dogmas similar to those 12s knowledge edifice rules advocated by Scardamalia and Bereiter. However, traditional schooling offers no mechanisms for instructors to reassign their expertness to pupils, so most pupils can non come on into expert-like scholars through reinvestment of mental resources released from following progressive job work outing methods such as form acquisition and automaticity. Scardamalia and Bereiter impulse that, with the drift of engineering, schools should be transformed into cognition edifice communities. The discourse framed by this sort of sociocognitive procedure transcends the barriers of didactic instruction and child/activity-centred cognition development. The advancement of the acquisition accomplished through cognition edifice discourse should be able to be orchestrated and mediated alternatively of the unpredictable acquisition advancement in traditional schooling. In add-on, all members in a school community, including both instructors and pupils, should take up corporate cognitive duty which â€Å" refers to the status in which duty for the success of a group attempt is distributed across all the members instead than being concentrated in the leader † ( p. 68 ) . Every community member should understand the cognition required by the community and do certain others know what they are supposed to cognize. In a cognition edifice discourse, a pupil referee can hold their cognition advanced from groking the parts made by other pupils in the community, so it is one of the inducements for pupils to take part in the discourse. Once a pupil makes a choice part, he/she gets acknowledgment and regard from other community members. The desire of being recognized and respected, together with the craving for doing outstanding impact on the community, may be two of the other motives. A to the full well-designed equal reappraisal system is indispensably required and the discourse should be near to pupils ‘ personal lives: â€Å" pupils work together to do sense of the universe around them and work towards progressing their ain province of cognition and that of the category † . The features of a successful cognition edifice discourse are â€Å" concentrate on jobs and deepness of understanding † , â€Å" decentralized, unfastened cognition environments for corporate apprehension † and â€Å" productive interaction within loosely conceived knowledge-building communities † ( p.274 ) . Technology plays a critical function in carry throughing a successful cognition edifice discourse. Knowledge Forum and its former version, Computer-Supported Intentional Learning Environment ( CSILE ) , have a community database at the Centre of a schoolroom discourse. Students ‘ thoughts can be extended to a broader cognition edifice community if necessary. In the discourse environment, pupils act as both writers and referees who can lend their thoughts by making text or graphical notes, hunt bing notes, and form notes into more complex informational constructions. Auto-notification through electronic mails will be sent to writers when others comment on their notes. The note-writing environments are specially designed for participants to specify enquiries as jobs alternatively of subjects. Discourses are carried out through saying theories and information for progressing theories. The scaffold map provides participants with phrases refering cognitive procedures, such as â€Å" I need to understand † , â€Å" My theory † , â€Å" A better theory † , â€Å" This theory can non explicate † , â€Å" Put our cognition together † , to call a few, that help participants contour discourses. The frequent usage of these theory-building footings can assist scholars tackle expert-like acquisition accomplishments that can be employed in their day-to-day lives. Knowledge Forum and CSILE besides pinpoint intentionality as scholars deliberately submit jobs of what they require to understand and asseverate justifications for linked attached. The knowing scholars can larn how to do determinations and deploy diag nostic procedures. Knowledge Forum and CSILE render a decentralized and unfastened discourse environment that reverses â€Å" the instructor initiates, pupil responds, teacher evaluates form for unwritten and written discourse † . By using a distributed theoretical account, information fluxing between participants is non audited by a cardinal authorization. Since different pupils possess different sorts of cognition, the cognition exchanges can be really productive. Students of different ages and abilities can take portion in the same discourse. Students with better viva voce or written linguistic communication accomplishments can non rule the discourse as the other pupils can border their thought by pulling diagrams or edifice on information in others ‘ notes or external resources. Those who are non familiar with the subject can lend to the community by inquiring inquiries and composing contemplations. The inefficient turn-tasking job in normal schoolroom treatments is automatically elimi nated as discourses in Knowledge Forum are held asynchronously over a computing machine web or the Internet. Students can compose their statements at any coveted clip and have all the clip they want to explicate the statements, without force per unit area like that happened in an unwritten treatment. This encourages pupils to print independent idea and polish their ain thoughts and those in the community, ensuing in progressive self-acting acquisition and job work outing preparation. Information / Knowledge Visualisation Some users reported that the current design of Knowledge Forum is non really intuitive to utilize, particularly for complex undertakings and ill-structured capable affairs. The new coevals of knowledge/information visual image engineering seems to be an effectual solution. The purpose of information visual image is to supply knowledge-based entree to information resources and aid users in doing sense of the resources they are looking for during information retrieval. On the other manus, the end of cognition visual image is to help pupils in acquisition and job resolution by supplying tools to further externalised knowledge. There are many good practiced information visual image techniques available, such as landscape metaphors, cartograms, ticket clouds, etc.. Some pedagogues claim that these techniques can assist users understand the information better. In the context of cognition building, apprehension of information is non sufficient, pupils need to be exposed to the information in different ways and be able to lucubrate a personal experience from it. Some other similar tools using visual image techniques have besides been developed in recent old ages, like Topic Maps Strand Map, VisIT ( Visualization of Information Tool ) , Model-It, Microworlds, etc.. Some web hunt engines even implement explorative hunts with the aid of information visual image techniques to polish user hunt questions. Users can now transport out explorative hunts on the WWW through consecutive loops on the ocular interfaces of these tools. Examples are KartOO, UJIKO, Crokker, Simploos, Quintura, oSkope, News Map, etc.. It is evident that educational tools using cognition visual image engineering can help pupils in undertaking topics like broad surveies to a great extent as this sort of topics require pupils to larn from resources in assorted subjects and develop capacities to construction and organize their cognition and acquisition stuffs for effectual learning direction, non to advert that cognition from different topics and spheres is complex, interconnected and ill-structured in a complex mode. How to cite Community Knowledge Building And Self Regulated Learning Education Essay, Essay examples

Seven Things to Remember When Creating Content for International Shoppers

The number of people using the Internet worldwide is now over 3.6 billion. While that’s a lot of potential readers, it’s not necessarily easy to attract their attention. There are many different interests, preferences, languages, and competition when it comes to that 3.6 billion. If you want to grow your audience globally, it’s important to keep in mind the vast variation in audience preferences, including when it comes to where your readers are. Only around 9% of online users are based in North America, with around half in Asia and 17% in Europe. To ensure your content is effective in reaching audiences around the world, here are seven things to consider. 1. Cultural References It’s common to use cultural references that are familiar to us, but they could be misunderstood by someone outside your region. For example, an article referencing Thanksgiving won’t resonate with many outside the US and Canada. Solutions: Change the content theme to something more international without the cultural divide. Alternatively, add a quick note of explanation for international viewers. Similarly, use â€Å"emergency services† instead of â€Å"911† or â€Å"ten-year-old students† instead of â€Å"fourth graders.† 2. Seasonal Content It may be summer where you are, but on the other side of the world, your readers might be under three feet of snow. This doesn’t mean you can’t write about the seasons; just be aware of who your target reader is, and what they’re experiencing. Solutions: Adapt content for a different audience, or publish it at a more appropriate time of year for the target market. 3. Numbers, Units and Measures Are you referencing temperature, distance, height or weight? Remember that most countries outside the U.S. use the metric system. For example, Germans only know that LeBron James is 2 meters tall. Also, remember: The dollar sign ($) denotes currencies in many different countries, so use â€Å"USD† if you’re referring to the U.S. dollar. 3/12/17 can mean the 3rd of December or the 12th of March, depending on your location. 4. Terminology and Spelling People use different search terms to find out the same information online, depending on their location. For example, U.S. consumers use ‘cell phone,’ whereas U.K. consumers use ‘mobile phone.’ Which is more appropriate: â€Å"sneakers† or â€Å"running shoes†? â€Å"License† or license†? Terminology and spelling differences exist across other English-speaking markets such as Australia and New Zealand. The challenge with terminology and word choice becomes even more pronounced when you start growing globally. For example, â€Å"Cardholder Name† in English, is â€Å"Nom du titulaire figurant sur la carte† in French. Solution: Work with native speakers in your target country to optimize content for maximum SEO benefits. 5. Visual Content It’s not just text that can get lost in translation – images are also culturally sensitive. Examples: An image of a cow could cause problems in a country like India, where the cow is one of the most sacred animals in the Hindu culture. The A-OK gesture is an obscene gesture in a country like Brazil. The color red may symbolize passion or danger in Western cultures, but in African countries it can symbolize death and aggression. The color white is a symbol of bad luck and mourning in some Asian countries. Solution: Consider changing an image if it’s likely to mean different things to different people. 6. Social Media Strategy If you want to reach people across multiple locations via social media, bear in mind the following: Most social platforms include localization features, where you can segment your audience based on geography, language and more. In mainland China, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Instagram are currently blocked. People use Weibo (similar to Twitter) and Qzone (similar to Facebook). Viadeo is a professional networking site similar to LinkedIn. Today, it has over 65 million users from Africa, America, Asia and Europe. The four top markets for WhatsApp are South Africa, Malaysia, India and Mexico. WeChat, similar to WhatsApp, has over 700 million monthly active users, most popular in China, Malaysia and Hong Kong. VK (VKontakte) is the largest European social platform. With over 66 million monthly active users, it’s the most popular website in Russia. 7. Translations Translating content is an option, but first, consider who you can already reach with your English content. Scandinavian and Middle Eastern countries are more used to English, whereas in Japan, China and Russia, the prevalence of English is low. Here is a list of countries where English is widespread. If you do end up translating content, using a translator will ensure you come across as more professional than just using Google Translate. Translators can capture the subtle nuances of a language to help you create the types of content locals are used to seeing. Solutions: The American Translators Association publish a directory of licensed translators and linguists. Alternatively, you could add a translation tool alongside content to help international readers. Time to Go Global? Adapting content to a global audience can be a challenge, but it can give your organization the opportunity to tap into new markets and ultimately boost sales. The key is adapting your content to speak to more potential readers, regardless of where they are in the world.